Chpt 15

Question 1

Observation of traits that an organism is expressing

Answer 1

Phenotypic methods

Question 2

phenotypic method; physiological/biochemical characteristic

Answer 2

Enzyme production

Question 3

Antibody response is exploited for diagnostic purposes

OFTEN EASIER THAN TESTING FOR THE MICROBE ITSELF

Answer 3

Immunologic methods

Question 4

Advantages of genomic methods over phenotypic methods

RAPID RESULTS AND MORE PRECISE

Answer 4

Genotypic methods

Question 5

A gram stain of a sputum sample from a patient is an example of ___ method of microbial identification

a. Genotypic
b. Immunologic
c. Phenotypic
d. Histologic
e. None of the above

Answer 5

Phenotypic

Question 6

First step for method of microbial identification is ____

Answer 6

Specimen collection

Question 7

Aseptic technique is not imperative (t/f)

Answer 7

False, aseptic technique is imperative

Question 8

When getting a sample, how is it done?

Answer 8

Only infected site should be sampled. Not surrounding areas

Question 9

When getting a sputum sample, you should avoid___

Answer 9

Contamination with SALIVA

Question 10

Urine samples should be taken ___ from ____

Answer 10

ASEPTICALLY, from the bladder.

Question 11

____ taken by the external urethra and collecting the urine midstream

Answer 11

Clean catch!!!

Question 12

Also known as “first catch”, first voided urine is required for some diagnostic techniques mucous lining of the urethra, vagina or cervix

Answer 12

Dirty catch!!

Question 13

Skin can be swabbed or scraped with a scalpel to expose deep layers

Answer 13

Skin sample

Question 14

Tissue fluids is taken by needle aspiration.

Antisepsis of the puncture site is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT

Answer 14

Sterile material sampling

Question 15

For biochemical testing, ____ is used to see metabolic reactions that cause a ____

Answer 15

Enzyme-mediated, color change

Question 16

___ causes bacteriophage to infect bacteria in a species-specific and strain-specific way.

Answer 16

Phage typing

Question 17

During phage typing, cleared areas corresponding to lysed cells don’t indicate sensitivity to that phage. (T/F)

Answer 17

False, it indicates sensitivity to that phage

Question 18

A few or several hundred colonies of E.coli in a urine sample can indicate normal biota. The amount doesn’t matter (t/f)

Answer 18

False, if there’s only a few it can indicate normal biota, but if there’s several hundred it can mean active infection.

Question 19

When it comes to a TRUE PATHOGEN, there has to be many colonies in a opportunistic in a sterile site for it to be ruled a disease (T/F)

Answer 19

False, a single colony of a true pathogen in a sputum sample o opportunist in a sterile site is highly suggestive for disease

Question 20

In vitro testing of serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, whole tissues, and saliva for the presence of specific antibiotics.

Answer 20

Serology

Question 21

Blood plasma without the clotting proteins

Answer 21

Serum

Question 22

Blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens

Answer 22

Antiserum

Question 23

Binding of antibody (Ab) to a specific site or epitope of an antigen (Ag)

Answer 23

Molecular basis of immunologic testing!!!

Question 24

Antigens are whole cells or organisms such as red blood cells, bacteria, or viruses displaying surface antigens.

Answer 24

Agglutination

Question 25

____ is used to determine blood compatibility

Answer 25

Agglutination

Question 26

Antigen examined is a soluble molecule

Answer 26

Precipitation

Question 27

Lateral flow test found in drugstore pregnancy test and rapid strep test in doctor's office

Answer 27

Immunochromatography!!!!

Question 28

Used to diagnose autoimmune disorders and determine past exposure to certain diseases

Answer 28

Antibody titers!!!

Question 29

Ag-Ab technique for identifying, classifying, and subgrouping certain bacteria into categories called serotypes

Answer 29

Serotyping!!!

Question 30

___ is highly specific, often used to confirm used to specific but more sensitive or screening test!!!!

Answer 30

Western blot test!!

Question 31

HIV screening test ELISA is positive then get the more sensitive and accurate western blot!! (t/f)

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Monoclonal antibodies labeled by fluorescent dye

Answer 32

Fluoroscent antibodies (FAbs)

Question 33

UNKNOWN TEST SPECIMEN or antigen is fixed to a slide and exposed to a FAb solution

Answer 33

Direct testing

Question 34

Known antigen is added to the test serum

Answer 34

Indirect testing!!

Question 35

___ is a common test used for antibody screening for HIV, various rickettsial species, hepatitis A and C, and helicobacter. *Known antigen

Answer 35

Indirect Elisa test

Question 36

For a ____ test, verification test with a ____ may be necessary

Answer 36

Indirect Elisa, Western Blot

Question 37

__ test is a known antibody

Answer 37

Direct Elisa

Question 38

- Small amount of purified protein derivate (PPD) from mycobacterium tuberculosis is injected into skin. - Example of ___

Answer 38

Tuberculin reaction. Example of IN VIVO TESTING

Question 39

Property of a test to focus only!!

Answer 39

Specificity!!

Question 40

Detection of even minute quantitities of antibodies or antigens in a specimen !!!

Answer 40

Sensitivity!!!!

Question 41

Direct Elisa detects ____ and indirect Elisa detects ____ from patient samples

Answer 41

Antigens; antibodies!!!

Question 42

___ will become so cheap and routine that we will soon be doing it with every patient to find microbes causing symptoms

Answer 42

Whol-genome sequencing

Question 43

Rapid and highly accurate microbial identification within minutes. Analyses FINGERPRINT

Answer 43

Mass spectrometry

Question 44

___ Are being used more frequently lately to find areas of localized infection in deep tissue

Answer 44

Imaging scans (MRI, CT scan, and PET scans)

Question 45

If the seven genes are active, what does the prescriber does?

Answer 45

Prescribes an antibiotic

Question 46

If the seven genes are not active, then the prescriber __

Answer 46

Knows symptoms are caused by virus, and therefrore cannot be helped by antibiotics.

Question 47

The new diagnostic strategy is an incredibly useful too because___

Answer 47

Majority of antibiotic prescription are incorrectly prescribed for conditions that are not caused by bacteria.!!!

Question 48

Which of the following technologies detects microbes via protein fingerprints? a. Nucleic acid sequencing b. Mass spectrometry c. Microarrays d. Imaging c. Immunofluorescnce

Answer 48

Mass spectrometry

Question 49

NCLEX1. A RN is training a new staff nurse about proper specimen collection. Consequences of improper specimen collection may exclude all of the following, except: a. a delay in appropiate treatment b. exposing the patient to an unnecessary procedure c. having to repeat the test d. putting other patients at risk for incorrect treatment e. putting the patient at risk for incorrect treatment

Answer 49

Putting other patients at risk for incorrect treatment

Question 50

NCLEX2. A clinical form used to report data on a patient specimens may include: a. antibiotic history b. patient symptoms c. marital status d. date and time of specimen collection e. a,b, and,d f. b,c, and d

Answer 50

Antibiotic history Patient symptoms Date and time of specimen collection

Question 51

NCLEX3.When determining the clinical significance of cultures: a. the number of microbes is significant b. the presence of a single colony of a true pathogen may indicate the presence of the disease if the culture comes from a site known to be sterile c. the repeated isolation of a relatively pure culture of any microorganism can mean it is an agent of disease, although this is not always the case d. a range of test may be needed to identifiy a pathogen e. all of the above

Answer 51

All of the above

Question 52

1. When using pulse-field gel electrophoresis, mutations in a microbe's genome will show as: a. a different pattern of bands b. nonfluoerescent bands c. missing bands d. all of these

Answer 52

A different pattern of bands

Question 53

4. Mass spectrometry identifies microbes via: a. fluorescent antibodies b. cell surface carbohydrates c. protein fingertips d. DNA prolifting

Answer 53

Protein fingertips

Question 54

7. Which category of diagnosis is represented by studying a microbe's utilization of nutrients? a. phenotypic b. genotypic c. immunologic d. none

Answer 54

Phenotypic

Question 55

10. Which of the following diagnostics techniques is most likely to be affected by changes in growth conditions of specimen? a. phenotypic b. immunologic c. genotypic

Answer 55

Phenotypic

Question 56

13. Which of the following techniques is most likely to reveal that an infection is in biofilm form? a. ELISA b. whole-genome-sequencing c. PFGE d. Imaging

Answer 56

Imaging

Question 57

16. Bacterial infection causes the expression of different human genes than does viral infection a. true b. false

Answer 57

True

Question 58

19. A test that results in a ver large number of false positives probably has an unacceptable level of: a. sensitivity b. specificity

Answer 58

Sensitivity