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Chapter 12 Flashcards

nervous tissue

1
Q

the nervous system is composed of: (4)

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

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2
Q

primary tissue of nervous system

A

nervous tissue

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3
Q

ganglion

A

nerve cell bodies; clusters of neuron cell bodies located along nerves

pleural = ganglia

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4
Q

general functions of nervous system

A

collect, process/evaluate, and initiate response info

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5
Q

what component collects info?

A

receptors

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6
Q

what component processes/evaluates info?

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what component initiates response?

A

brain and spinal cord and effectors
(brain and spinal cord relay info to effector)

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8
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord
brain - protected/encased in skull
spinal cord - housed/protected within vertebral canal

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9
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia
nerves - bundles of axons and neurons
ganglia - part of axon/neuron bundle

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10
Q

sensory nervous system (afferent nervous system)

A

receives sensory information from receptors and to the CNS
(sensory input)

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11
Q

two types of sensory nervous system

A

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

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12
Q

somatic sensory

A

stimuli we are conscious of

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13
Q

example of somatic sensory nervous system

A

5 senses; taste, touch, smell, hearing, vision

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14
Q

visceral sensory

A

stimuli we don’t perceive

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15
Q

motor nervous system (efferent)

A

initiates/transmits motor info from CNS to effectors (motor output)

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16
Q

two types of motor nervous system

A

somatic motor and autonomic motor

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17
Q

somatic motor

A

voluntary signals to voluntary effectors (skeletal muscle)

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18
Q

autonomic motor

A

involuntary signals to involuntary effectors (smooth/cardiac muscles, glands)

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19
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic motor nervoussystem

A

sympathetic = “fight or flight” ; parasympathetic = “rest and digest”

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20
Q

nerves

A

organs composed of bundles of axons, connective tissue layers, and blood vessels in PNS

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21
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of axons

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22
Q

3 connective tissue wrappings

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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23
Q

epineurium

A

encloses whole nerve (dense irregular CT)

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24
Q

perineurium

A

encloses each fascicle (dense irregular CT)

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25
endoneurium
encloses *each individual axon* (areolar CT)
26
vascularization of nerves
vascularized by extensive network of blood vessels thru epineurium and perineurium
27
cranial nerves
12 pairs; extend from the *brain*
28
spinal nerves
31 pairs; extend from the *spinal cord*
29
sensory nerves
contains sensory neurons that send signals *towards* CNS
30
motor nerves
has motor neurons that send signals *away* from CNS
31
mixed nerves
has both sensory and motor neurons; most nerves are mixed nerves, and individual axons still transmit only one type of info
32
5 neuron characteristics
excitability - responsive to stimuli conductivity - propagate electrical signals secretion - neurons release neurotransmitters extreme longevity - cell can live throughout lifetime amitotic - neurons no longer divide p. fetal development
33
cell body
soma
34
perikaryon
plasma membrane around cytoplasm
35
function of cell body (soma)
initiates graded potentials, receive information from dendrites and conducts those signals to axons
36
what does the cell body contain?
nucleus and Nissl bodies
37
nissl bodies
ribosomes and chromatophilic substance
38
dendrites
short branches off cell body that receives input and sends it to cell body; unmyelinated
39
axon
long process off cell body that contacts other neurons, muscle cells, or glands
40
axoplasm
cytoplasm of axon
41
axolemma
membrane of axon
42
axon terminal
end region of axon
43
synaptic knob
contains synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters
44
cytoskeleton
has neurofilaments (intermediate filaments); tensile strength properties
45
two modes of transport
anterograde and retrograde
46
anterograde
movement *away* from cell body
47
retrograde
movement *toward* cell body
48
four structural classifications of neurons
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic
49
multipolar
many dendrites, one axon (most common)
50
bipolar
one dendrite, one axon (sensory)
51
unipolar
one process that splits into two processes; peripheral splits into dendrites, central splits into synaptic knobs
52
anaxonic
no axon, only dendrites
53
3 functional classification of neurons
sensory, motor, interneurons
54
sensory neurons
afferent neurons; input *from* receptors *to* CNS (most are unipolar)
55
motor neurons
output *from* CNS *to* effectors; always multipolar
56
interneurons
receive/process/integrate info from many other neurons and communicate between sensory and motor neurons (within CNS; 99% of neurons)
57
synapses
where neurons contact other neurons/effectors
58
chemical
more common; presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons + synaptic cleft
59
presynaptic neuron vs postsynaptic
presynaptic — produces signal postsynaptic — receives signal
60
synaptic cleft
small gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
61
chemical synapse takes time and causes:
synaptic delay
62
neuroglia
non-excitable; found in both CNS and PNS; makes half the volume of nervous system
63
neuroglia characteristics
- able to divide - protect/nourish neurons - critical for normal neural synapse function - provide scaffolding for nervous tissue
64
astrocytes
star shaped; most abundant glial cell in CNS
65
what do astrocytes do?
form the blood-brain barrier, controls what substances can enter the brain, regulate fluid composition around neurons, structural support for neurons
66
ependymal cells
line cavities in the brain/spinal cord (CNS)
67
what plexus are ependymal cells part of?
choroid plexus
68
what do ependymal cells produce?
cerebrospinal fluid
69
microglia
small wandering cells in CNS; phagocytotic cells of immune system; replicate in infection
70
oligodendrocytes
large cells w/ slender extensions that wrap around axons of neurons; myelinates/insulates CNS axons
71
satellite cells
arranged around neuronal cells in ganglion; PNS
72
neurolemmocytes
(aka Schwann cells) elongated, flat cells that ensheath PNS axons w/ myelin
73
myelination
process of wrapping axons in myelin
74
what is myelin high in?
lipid content
75
where can you find myelin aside from the axon?
neurolemmocytes in PNS, oligodendrocytes in CNS
76
pumps
helps membrane proteins move against concentration gradient; maintains concentration gradient of membrane
77
two types of pumps
sodium-potassium (Na and K+), calcium (Ca2+)
78
channels
pores that allow ions to move down concentration gradient; specific for a type of ion
79
leak channel
always open; passive
80
chemically-gated channel
normally closed; open when transmitter binds
81
voltage-gated channel
normally closed; open when membrane charge changes
82
modality-gated channel
normally closed; open when specific stimulus is present
83
Ohm’s law
neuron activity depends on electrical current
84
current
voltage/resistance; movement of charged particles across barrier
85
voltage
difference in electrical change between 2 places
86
resistance
opposition to movement
87
resistance
opposition to movement
88
in a neuron, charged particles are:
ions
89
current is generated when:
ions diffuse through channels
90
voltage exists due to:
unequal ion distribution
91
membrane resists:
ion flow (channels opening decrease resistance
92
ions while neurons are at rest
ions are unevenly distributed across plasma membrane
93
cytosol has more:
K+ (potassium)
94
interstitial fluid has more:
Ca2+ (calcium), Cl- (chloride) and Na (sodium)
95
membrane potential
electrical charge diff. across membrane; present within neurons at rest
96
graded potential
small, short-lived changes in resting membrane potential
97
depolarization vs hyperpolarization
depolarize - make less negative (+) hyperpolarize - make more negative (-)
98
graded potentials in postsynaptic neuron (2)
*excitatory* postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or *inhibitory* postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
99
EPSP results in what? what ions enter?
depolarization; Na+ (sodium)
100
IPSP results in what? what ions enter/exit?
hyperpolarization; K+ exit (potassium leaves) and Cl- entry (chloride entry)
101
K+ diffusion
most important factor
102
K+ diffusion *out* the cell is due to:
concentration gradient
103
K+ diffusion out the cell is *limited* by:
electrical gradient
104
threshold
minimal voltage change required
105

A+P (14 decks)

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