Chapter 5 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
four major types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
2
Q
tissue
A
groups of similar cells (and extracellular material) that work together to form common functions
3
Q
extracellular matrix (ECM)
A
anything in the tissue that isn’t a cell
4
Q
epithelial
A
composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells; little to no ECM; covers/lines things and forms glands
5
Q
connective
A
composed of cells, proteins, fibers, ground substance; binds, supports and protects
6
Q
muscle
A
contains contractile proteins; moves the skeleton/organs
7
Q
nervous
A
contains neurons and glial cells; transmits impulses, processes information
8
Q
common characteristics of epithelia
A
- mostly cells, minimal ECM
- avascular
- extensively innervated
- able to regenerate
9
Q
lumen
A
central cavity or open space within an organ
10
Q
apical surface
A
surface of epithelial cell facing lumen or external environment
11
Q
basement membrane
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aids in attaching epithelial tissue; formed by underlying connective tissue
12
Q
basal surface
A
surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane
13
Q
functions of epithelial tissue
A
- physical protection
- selective permeability
- secretions and sensations
14
Q
simple epithelium
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one layer of cells; all epithelial cells are in contact with basement membrane
15
Q
where is simple epithelia found?
A
- where stress is minimal
- where filtration/absorption/secretion is primary function
16
Q
stratified epithelium
A
contains two or more layers of epithelial cells; basal layer of cells is in contact with basement membrane
17
Q
functions of stratified epithelium
A
- structural support
- better protection for underlying tissue
- cells in basal layer regenerate as cells in apical layer are lost due to abrasion
18
Q
cell shapes of epithelial cells and their appearance?
A
- squamous; flat
- cuboidal; square-like with round nucleus (may sometimes appear circular)
- columnar; rectangular with elongated nucleus
19
Q
transitional cells
A
can easily change their shape from polyhedral to more flattened depending on the degree to which the epithelium is stretched
20
Q
pseudostratified
A
appears to have more than one layer, but all cells are connected to the basement membrane as one layer
21
Q
structure of simple squamous epithelium?
A
single layer, flat cells; nucleus bulges at center
22
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function of simple squamous epithelium?
A
rapid diffusion and filtration; secretion in serous membranes
23
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location(s) of simple squamous epithelium?
A
alveoli, lining of lumen of blood/lymph vessels (endothelium), serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)
24
Q
structure of simple cuboidal epithelium?
A
single layer, cells are square/rounded; spherical and centrally located nucleus
25
*function* of simple cuboidal epithelium?
absorption and secretion; forms secretory tissue of most glands and small ducts
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*location(s)* of simple cuboidal epithelium?
lining of kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles, surface of ovary, secretory regions and ducts of most exocrine glands
27
*structure* of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?
single layer, nonciliated rectangular cells with oval nucleus
(may contain microvilli and goblet cells)
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*function* of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?
absorption and secretion
29
*location(s)* of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?
lining of most of digestive tract; stomach, small intestine, large intestine (gastrointestinal)
30
*structure* of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
single layer, ciliated rectangular cells with oval nucleus
(may contain goblet cells)
31
*function* of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
secretion of mucin, movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia, oocyte movement thru uterine tube
32
*location(s)* of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
lining of the larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung, uterine tubes
33
*structure* of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
single layer of cells with varying heights, but all of them connect to the basement membrane
(contains goblet cells and cilia)
34
*function* of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
protection and secretion
35
*location(s)* ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
lining of larger airways of respiratory tract, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
36
*structure* of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
single layer of cells with varying heights but all of them connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach apical surface
(lacks goblet cells and cilia)
37
*function* of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
protection
38
*location(s)* of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
rare; lining of male urethra and epididymis
39
difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
keratinized; superficial cell layers are dead
nonkeratinized; cells are living
40
*structure* of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
many layers, basal cells are cuboidal/polyhedral and alive while superficial/apical cells are dead
41
little bonus: what is keratin?
a tough and protective protein that strengthens tissue
42
*structure* of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
many layers; basal cells are cuboidal/polyhedral and alive while superficial/apical cells are squamous and dead (lack nucleus)
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*function* of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
44
*location(s)* of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
epidermis of skin
45
*structure* of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
many layers; basal cells are cuboidal/polyhedral and alive while superficial/apical cells are alive (contain nucleus)
46
*function* of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
47
*location(s)* of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
lining of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina, anus
48
*structure* of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
two/more layers; cells at apical surface are square/round
49
*function* of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
protection/secretion
50
*location(s)* of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles
51
*structure* of stratified columnar epithelium?
two/more layers; cells at apical surface are rectangular
52
*function* of stratified columnar epithelium?
protection/secretion
53
*locations* of stratified columnar epithelium?
large ducts of salivary glands, conjunctiva, lining of male urethra
54
*structure* of transitional epithelium?
varies depending if the tissue is relaxed or distended
- relaxed = cuboidal/polyhedral cells
- distended = flattened cells
55
*function* of transitional epithelium?
accommodates urine volume changes in the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra
56
*locations* of transitional epithelium?
urinary bladder lining, ureters, part of urethra
57
what are glands?
individual cells/organs composed mainly of epithelial tissue
58
what do glands do?
secrete substances for use in the body or elimination from the body
59
endocrine glands vs exocrine glands
endocrine; lack ducts and secrete products (hormones) into blood to be transported thru the body
exocrine; has ducts and discharges contents on epithelial surface
60
anatomic forms of exocrine glands (5)
simple, compound, tubular, acinar, tubloacinar
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simple glands
have a single, unbranched duct
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compound glands
have branched ducts
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tubular glands
consistent diameter
64
acinar
expanded sac shape
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tubloacinar
has both tubes and sacs
66
exocrine secretion methods (3)
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
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merocrine secretion
packages secretions into secretory vesicles; releases them thru exocytosis; glandular cells *stay intact*
68
apocrine secretion
produces secretory material when apical part pinches off; releases cytoplasmic content; cells *repair itselves*
69
holocrine
cell accumulates product then *disintegrates*; ruptured dead cell is replaced
70
common characteristics of connective tissue
- cells are specific to the type of tissue they are in
- most cells are not in direct contact w/ each other
- contains resident cells and wandering cells
71
examples of wandering cells in connective tissue
leukocytes (white blood cells)
72
examples of resident cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal, fixed microphages
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fibroblasts
immature cells that produce fibers and ground substance
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adipocytes
fat cells
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mesenchyme
embryonic stem cell
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fixed microphages
large cells derived from leukocytes; engulfs damaged cells and pathogens
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types of protein fibers and their properties
collagen - strong but flexible, resists stretch
reticular - thinner and branches, tough but flexible
elastic - wavy and branches, stretches and recoils
78
general functions of connective tissue
protection, support/structure, storage, transport, immune protection
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two types of embryonic connective tissue?
mesenchyme and mucous
80
mesenchyme vs mucous
mesenchyme - tissue from which all other connective tissues are formed
mucous - umbilical cord *only*
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connective tissue *proper*
loose and dense
82
supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
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fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
84
functions of areolar connective tissue?
protects tissues and organs, binds skin to deeper tissues, gives space for vessels and nerves
85
where can areolar connective tissue be found?
skin; beneath epidermis, digestive tract, respiratory system
86
where can elastic cartilage be found?
epiglottis of larynx, external ear
87
what structures of dense connective tissue are tightly packed together?
fibers
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where can dense irregular connective tissue be found?
dermis of the skin
89
muscle tissues that contain striations?
skeletal, cardiac
90
muscle tissue that displays branching when under a miscroscope
cardiac
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what muscle tissue *doesn’t* have striations?
smooth
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signature feature of cardiac muscle tissue
intercalated discs
93
what cells are in blood connective tissue?
leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes
(WBCs, RBCs, platelets)
94
function of fibrocartilage?
support; forms fetal skeleton
95
what are some structures found in bone connective tissue?
osteon, lamella, osteocyte, central canal, cannaliculi
96
5 properties of muscle tissue
contractile, conductive, elastic, extensible, excitable
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is skeletal muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary; somatic nervous system
98
is the cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary; autonomic nervous system
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is smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary; autonomic nervous system
100
where can you find skeletal muscle tissue?
attached to bone/skin; external urethral/anal sphincters
101
where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
myocardium (muscles of the heart)
102
what is a function of cardiac muscle tissue?
moves the blood through the heart and vessels
103
where is smooth muscle tissue located?
walls of most internal organs, iris of the eye
104
what are some functions of smooth muscle tissue?
controls pupil size, propels material through the organ
105
neurons
conduct signals
106
is nervous tissue vascular or avascular ?
vascular
107
structures in nervous tissue
cell body, dendrites, axons, glial cells
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glial cells
supportive functions
109
axon
carries signals out/away from cell body
110
dendrites
receives info and brings it to cell body
111
where is nervous tissue located?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
112
functions of nervous tissue?
receive/process/transmit nerve impulses (glial cells protect/nourish/support neurons)
113
four types of body membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
114
mucous membranes
line structures open to the external environment
115
location of mucous membrane
digestive, respiratory urinary, and reproductive system
116
serous membrane
line structures not exposed to external environment, covers many organs
117
cutaneous membrane
skin, external body surfaces
118
synovial membrane
found in joints reduces friction and provides nutrition
