Chapter 13 Flashcards
the brain!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
Q
four main regions of the brain
A
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
2
Q
gyri
A
ridges
3
Q
sulci
A
depressions between ridges
4
Q
fissures
A
deep sulci
5
Q
gray matter
A
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
6
Q
cortex
A
superficial to gray matter
7
Q
nucleus in gray matter
A
the region of gray matter; cluster of cell bodies
8
Q
white matter
A
myelinated axons
9
Q
tracts
A
bundles of myelinated axons
10
Q
neurulation
A
formation of nervous tissue
11
Q
when does neurulation begin?
A
3rd week of embryonic development
12
Q
neural tube in the embryo
A
develops into CNS
13
Q
step 1/3 of neurulation
A
neural plate formation - cells at the neural plate margin will become neural folds
14
Q
step 2/3 of neurulation
A
tips of folds become neural crest cells; groove deepens, folds rise and “pinch” together
15
Q
step 3/3 of neurulation
A
neural crest cells separate from neural folds and form other structures
16
Q
neural tube formation
A
folds meet to form neural tube
17
Q
neural tube surrounds:
A
neural canal
18
Q
neuropores
A
openings at the end of neural tubes
19
Q
when do neuropores close?
A
4th week of embryonic development
20
Q
three primary vesicles
A
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
21
Q
prosencephalon
A
forebrain
22
Q
mesencephalon
A
midbrain
23
Q
rhombencephalon
A
hindbrain
24
Q
when do primary vesicles form?
A
late 4th week from the neural tube
25
secondary vesicles (8)
cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
midbrain
pons
cerebellum
medulla oblongata
26
telencephalon
becomes cerebrum
27
diencephalon
becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
28
mesencephalon (2ndary vesicle)
becomes midbrain
29
metencephalon
becomes pons and cerebellum
30
mylencephalon
becomes medulla oblongata
31
anencephaly
substantial/complete absence of the brain
32
spina bifida
failure to close caudal part of neural tube
33
cystica
no formation of vertebral arch, have large cyst instea
34
occults
partial defect of bony arch
35
brain development @ 13-26 weeks
telencephalon envelops diencephalon; develops surface folds
36
brain development @ birth
brain fits in cranial cavity; most gyri and sulci are present
37
ventricles
cavities in brain
38
cerebrospinal fluid
contained within ventricles (CSF) and subarachnoid space; clear/colorless
39
ventricles are lined with:
ependymal cells
40
four ventricles in the brain
2 lateral ventricles in *cerebrum* (separated by septum pellucidum)
3rd ventricle in *diencephalon* (connects to lateral ventricles by interventricular septum
4th ventricle between *pons and cerebellum* (connects to 3rd ventricle by cerebral aqueduct)
41
septum pellucidum
partition between 2 lateral ventricles in cerebrum
42
interventricular septum
connects 3rd ventricle to lateral ventricles
43
cerebral aqueduct
connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle
44
cerebral aqueduct
connects 4th ventricle to 3rd ventricle
45
which ventricle merges with the central canal of the spinal cord?
4th ventricle
46
functions of CSF
buoyancy (reduces brain weight)
protection (liquid cushion)
environmental stability (nutrient/waste transport)
47
CSF is formed by:
choroid plexus within ventricles
48
CSF drained through:
dural venous sinuses
49
blood-brain barrier
regulates what enters interstitial fluid of the brain
50
less blood-brain barrier in what regions?
choroid plexus, hypothalamus and pineal gland
51
cerebrum
origin of all complex intellectual functions
52
functions of cerebrum
intelligence/reasoning
thought/judgment
voluntary control (skeletal muscle)
conscience/senses
53
longitudinal fissure
separates left/right hemispheres
54
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
55
hemispheres of brain
left controls right side of body, right controls left
56
5 lobes of cerebrum
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
57
frontal lobe
biggest lobe of the brain; anterior to central sulcus
58
pre central gyrus
primary motor cortex of frontal lobe; voluntary movement
59
functions of cerebrum
motor control of muscles (on opposite side)
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality
60
prefrontal cortex
responsible complex thought, judgment, personality, planning, deciding (not fully developed in adolescents)
61
Broca’s area
movements for vocalization (left side only)
62
parietal lobe
posterior to central sulcus
63
post central gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex; for sensory perception
64
functions of parietal lobe
general sense; proprioception, touch, pressure, pain, temp reception
(has association areas for identifying the feeling of objects)
65
temporal lobe
responsible for hearing and smell
66
primary auditory cortex
receives/processes/stores auditory info in temporal lobe
67
auditory association area
integrates/interprets sounds in temporal lobe
68
primary olfactory cortex
receives/processes/stores odor info
69
Wernicke's area
language comprehension (left sided only) in temporal lobe
70
occipital lobe
backside of brain above cerebellum; vision and visual memories
71
primary visual cortex
received/processes/stores visual info
72
visual association areas
recognition
73
insula
deep to lateral sulcus, cannot be seen on surface (under temporal lobe); taste and memory
74
primary gustatory cortex
taste info in insula
75
cerebral white matter
myelinated axons grouped into tracts; deep to the cortex
76
association tracts
connect regions of the cortex within the *same hemisphere*
77
arcuate fibers
connect close regions within association tracts
78
longitudinal fasciculi
connect different lobes
79
commissural tracts
connect regions in *different hemispheres*
80
projection tracts
link cortex to the *rest of the brain*
81
internal capsule
between thalamus and cerebrum
82
cerebral lateralization
the brain is anatomically asymmetrical
83
left hemisphere
categorical; language/analysis
84
right hemisphere
representational; imagination/creatiivity, sense comparison
85
cerebral nuclei
helps regulate motor output
86
caudate nucleus
controls gait pattern of walking
87
lentiform nucleus
putamen - subconscious movement
globes pallidus - muscle tone
88
consciousness
89
amygdala
mood/emotions
90
3 parts of diencephalon (thalamus: keyword)
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
91
pineal gland
in epithalamus; endocrine gland that secretes melatonin
92
habenular nuclei
visceral/emotional responses to odors
93
thalamus
“sorting factory”; receives signals from all conscious senses *except* sense of smell; relays/filters signals and sends to proper cortex regions
94
hypothalamus
controls the autonomic nervous and endocrine system, body temp, hunger/thirst, emotional responses (part of limbic system)
95
pituitary gland
connects hypothalamus with infundibulum
96
autonomic nervous system
heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration; controlled by hypothalamus
97
hypothalamus to pineal gland
directs it to secrete melatonin
98
limbic system
controls emotional responses (hypothalamus); pleasure and fear
99
brain stem
connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
100
ascending tracts
going up cerebrum; afferent/sensory info
101
descending tracts
going down periphery; efferent/motor
102
three parts of brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
103
midbrain
superior part of brain stem inferior to thalamus
104
substantial nigra
cluster of cells that appear black due to melanin; houses dopamine-producing neurons
105
texting
corpora quadrigemina; superior and inferior colliculi
106
superior colliculi
visual reflexes; tracking
107
inferior colliculi
auditory reflexes
108
pons
middle part of brain stem anterior to cerebellum
109
pontine respiratory center
controls skeletal muscles of breathing (inner costal muscles, diaphragm)
110
superior olivary nuclei
localizing sound
111
medulla oblongata
inferior part of brain stem; connects to spinal cord
112
pyramids
in medulla oblongata motor control
113
olives
in medulla oblongata; proprioception relays from cerebellum
114
cardiovascular center
cardiac and vasomotor center
115
cardiac center
regulates heart output
116
vasomotor center
regulates blood vessel diameter
117
medullary respiratory center
controls breathing rate
118
cerebellum
left/right hemisphere
119
three regions of cerebellum
cortex, arbor vitae, deep nuclei
120
cortex (cerebellum)
outer gray matter
121
arbor vitae
internal white matter
122
deep nuclei
gray matter
123
cerebellar penducles connect cerebellum to brain stem
connect cerebellum to brain stem
124
cerebellum functions
fine-tunes movement
ensures proper muscle activity patterns
muscle memory
equilibrium/posture
adjust motions to smoothness
motor plans/sensory feedback
125
vermis
connects two hemispheres of cerebellum
126
limbic system
emotional brain; processes/experiences emotions
127
hippocampus
forms long term memories (limbic)
128
amygdala
(limbic) emotion and memory; especially fear
129
olfactory components of limbic system
odors can produce emotions
130
reticular formation
loosely organized gray matter of brain stem; regulates muscle tone
131
reticular activating system
processes sensory info, sends signals to cortex about alertness
132
sleep
natural, temporary absences of consciousness; vital brain stems maintained
133
REM
rapid eye movement
134
non-REM sleep
growth, rest, energy conservation, strength renewal (75%)
135
REM sleep
eyes move; brain is active - memorable dreaming, consolidating memories (25%)
136
cognition
mental processes of awareness, knowledge, memory, perception, thinking
137
frontal lobe abnormality
personality, planning, decision making is altered
138
primary somatosensory cortex damage
loss of sensation awareness on opposite side of body
139
agnosia
cannot recognize stimuli meaning; sensation lost depends on lesion location
140
sensory memory
associations based on sensory input; few seconds
141
short term memory
limited capacity; bits of info; seconds to hours
142
long term memory
encoded from short term memory through repetition; lasts indefinitely, but can be lost if not occasionally retrieved
143
Wernicke’s area vs Broca’s area
Wernicke’s - language interpretation
Broca’s - language initiation
144
primary motor cortex
signals motor neurons to produce speech
145
protection of the brain
bones of skull, meninges, CSF, blood-brain barrier
146
three consecutive tissue layers of *meninges*
pia mater (deep), arachnoid mater, dura mater (superficial)
147
pia mater
innermost layer; directly on brain surface - thin areolar CT
148
arachnoid mater
middle layer; *web* of collagen/elastic fibers
(think spider webs! *arachnid* = spider)
149
subarachnoid space
deep to arachnoid mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid
150
subdural space
superficial to arachnoid mater, potential space
151
dura mater
thick, outer membrane; dense irregular CT
152
epidural space
superficial to dura mater, potential space
153
dural septa
dura mater sheets extend into cranial cavity; form partitions
154
falx cerebri
midline in cerebrum within longitudinal fissure; contains superior/inferior sagittal sinuses
155
tentorium cerebelli
tent over cerebellum; contains transverse and straight sinus
156
falx cerebelli
midline in cerebellum; contains occipital sinus
157
diaphragma sellae
small roof over sella turcica
