Chapter 9

Question 1

joint (articulation)

Answer 1

place of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, or bones and teeth

Question 2

three structural categories of joints (classifications)

Answer 2

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 3

fibrous joints

Answer 3

has no joint cavity, occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

Question 4

cartilaginous joint

Answer 4

has no joint cavity, occurs where bones are joined by cartilage

Question 5

synovial joint

Answer 5

has a joint cavity - separates articulating surfaces of bones; articulating surfaces are enclosed within connective tissue capsule and bones are attached to each other by various ligaments

Question 6

functional classification of joints

Answer 6

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Question 7

synarthrosis

Answer 7

immobile joint

Question 8

amphiarthrosis

Answer 8

slightly mobile joint

Question 9

diarthrosis

Answer 9

freely mobile joint

Question 10

structural categories of fibrous joints (3)

Answer 10

gomphosis, suture, syndesmosis

Question 11

gomphosis

Answer 11

“peg in socket”; fibrous articulations of the roots of individual teeth and alveolar processes of mandible and maxillae

Question 12

periodontal membranes

Answer 12

synarthrosis; holds teeth firmly in place

Question 13

sutures

Answer 13

fibrous synarthroses; irregular edges that increase stability and decrease fractures in articulations

Question 14

what happens to sutures in the older adult?

Answer 14

dense regular connective tissue in suture ossifies, fusing skull bones together

Question 15

syndesmoses

Answer 15

fibrous amphiarthrosis; articulating bones joined only by long strands of dense regular CT

Question 16

where are syndesmoses found?

Answer 16

between radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula

Question 17

interosseous membrane

Answer 17

broad, ligamentous sheet that provides pivot where radius and ulna/tibia and fibula can move relative to one another

Question 18

structural categories of cartilaginous joints (2)

Answer 18

synchondrosis, symphysis

Question 19

synchondroses

Answer 19

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage; functionally all synchondroses are immobile (synarthroses)

Question 20

costochondral joint

Answer 20

joint between each bony rib and its respective costal cartilage (synchondrosis)

Question 21

symphyses

Answer 21

pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones; all are functionally amphiarthroses

Question 22

examples of synchondroses

Answer 22

epiphyseal plate, costochondral joints

Question 23

examples of symphyses

Answer 23

pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc

Question 24

what is the functional classification of synovial joints?

Answer 24

most synovial joints are diarthrosis

Question 25

examples of synovial joints

Answer 25

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, temporomandibular joint, elbow/knee joint

Question 26

the bones in a synovial joint are separated by a space called a:

Answer 26

joint cavity

Question 27

common basic features of a synovial joint (4)

Answer 27

- has articular capsule and joint cavity - contains synovial fluid - articular cartilage - ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

Question 28

articular capsule

Answer 28

synovial joint component that is double layered; outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane

Question 29

outer fibrous layer of articular capsule

Answer 29

- made of dense connective tissue - strengthens the joint - prevents bones from separating

Question 30

inner synovial membrane of articular capsule

Answer 30

- made of areolar connective tissue - covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage - **produces synovial fluid**

Question 31

functions of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

Answer 31

reduces friction, cushions, absorbs compression, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones

Question 32

what does articular cartilage *not* have?

Answer 32

a perichondrium

Question 33

is articular cartilage vascular or avascular?

Answer 33

avascular

Question 34

joint cavity within synovial joint

Answer 34

space between articulating bones lined by synovial membrane

Question 35

functions of synovial membrane within joint cavity

Answer 35

- secretes synovial fluid that lubricates surfaces, nourishes chondrocytes, and absorbs shock

Question 36

ligaments of synovial joints

Answer 36

- made of dense regular connective tissue - connects bone to bone to stabilize the joint - *extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments*

Question 37

extrinsic vs. intrinsic ligaments

Answer 37

extrinsic - physically separate from the articular capsule intrinsic - thickening of the articular capsule; can be outside/within capsule

Question 38

nerves and vessels within synovial joint

Answer 38

numerous within the joint; receptors for pain as well as for movement and stretch - vascular

Question 39

tendons

Answer 39

- made of dense regular connective tissue - not part of synovial joint, but are *around* the joint - connects muscle to bone

Question 40

bursae

Answer 40

fibrous sac with synovial fluid that alleviates friction; found where ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons rub together - near/in synovial joints

Question 41

tendon sheaths

Answer 41

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon in areas of excess friction; more common in wrist and ankle

Question 42

fat pads

Answer 42

protective packing material

Question 43

synovial joint movements are all:

Answer 43

diarthrosis

Question 44

different degrees of motion (3)

Answer 44

**uniaxial** - movement in one plane/axis **biaxial** - two plane movement **multiaxial** - multiple plane movement

Question 45

synovial joint subtypes (6)

Answer 45

- planar - hinge - pivot - condylar - saddle - ball-and-socket

Question 46

planar

Answer 46

least mobile; flat surfaces - uniaxial; “gliding”