Chapter 12

Question 1

Delusion

Answer 1

False belief that is strongly held despite contrary evidence

Question 2

Schizophrenia

Answer 2

Severe psychological disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat affect, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

Question 3

Positive symptom

Answer 3

Hallucinations, delusions and excitatory motor behaviors

Question 4

Negative symptom

Answer 4

emotional/social withdrawal and blunted effect

Question 5

Concordance

Answer 5

Sharaing characteristics by both individuals of a pair of twins

Question 6

Hypofrontality Hypothesis

Answer 6

idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes

Question 7

Labotomy

Answer 7

Surgical separation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments.

Question 8

Dyskinesia

Answer 8

Difficulty or distortion in voluntary movements

Question 9

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 9

A disorder associated with typical antipsychotic use, and characterized by involuntary movements, especially of teh face and mouth

Question 10

Supersensitivity psychosis

Answer 10

An exaggerated “rebound” psychosis that may emerge when doses of antipsychotic medication are reduced.

Question 11

Chlorpromazine

Answer 11

An early antipsychotic drug that revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia

Question 12

Antipsychotic

Answer 12

Also called neuroleptic. Any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

Question 13

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 13

idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

Question 14

Typical antipsychotic

Answer 14

also called typical neuroleptic. An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors

Question 15

Atypical antipsychotic

Answer 15

also called atypical neuroleptic. Antipsychotic drug that has primary actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes that typical antipsychotics.

Question 16

Clozapine

Answer 16

An atypical antipsychotic

Question 17

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Answer 17

“angel dust” anesthetic agent that is also a psychadelic drug. Makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and the environment.

Question 18

Psychotomimetic

Answer 18

Drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia

Question 19

Ketamine

Answer 19

A dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

Question 20

Glutamate hypothesis

Answer 20

Idea that schizophrenia may be caused in part by understimulation of glutamate receptors.

Question 21

Depression

Answer 21

Psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy and appetite; and difficulty concentrating.

Question 22

ECT Electroconvulsive shock therapy

Answer 22

Last resort treatment for unmanageable depression-strong electrical current is passed through the brain causing a seizure

Question 23

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation rTMS

Answer 23

Noninvasive treatment in which repeated pulses of focused magnetic energy are used to stimulate the cortex through the scalp

Question 24

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 24

An enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters, thereby activating monoamine transmitter

Question 25

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI

Answer 25

Antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses

Question 26

Meta-analysis

Answer 26

quantitative review of a field of research. Results of multiple previous studies are combined in order to identify over-all patterns that are consistent across studies

Question 27

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 27

Psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings

Question 28

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 28

Mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

Question 29

Postpartum Depression

Answer 29

Bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth.

Question 30

Learned Helplessness

Answer 30

Learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions

Question 31

Bipolar disorder

Answer 31

Psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods

Question 32

Lithium

Answer 32

Element that when administered to patients often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder (only that manic phases though)

Question 33

Anxiety Disorder

Answer 33

Any psychological disorder that includes recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 34

Benzodiazepine

Answer 34

Antianxiety drug class that are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium)

Question 35

Anxiolytic

Answer 35

A substance that is used to combat anxiety. Ex. alcohol, opiates, barbituates, benzodiazepines

Question 36

PTSD

Answer 36

Disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim

Question 37

Fear Conditioning

Answer 37

Form of classical conditioning in which fear comes to be associated with previously neutral stimuli

Question 38

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 38

An anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop.

Question 39

Tourette's syndrome

Answer 39

Disorder involving heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli that may be accompanied by verbal or physical tics.