Chapter 6

Question 1

Intensity/Frequency

Answer 1

Intensity=measured in decibels dB, amplitude measured in dynes per square centimeter
Frequency=measured in cycles per seconds or hertz Hz

Question 2

Pure Tone

Answer 2

Tone with a single frequency of vibration

Question 3

Fundamentals/harmonics

Answer 3

Fundamental=predominant frequency of an auditory tone

Harmonic=multiple of a particular frequency

Question 4

Transduction

Answer 4

conversion of mechanical sound into neural activity

Question 5

Pinna

Answer 5

Fleshy object called the ear

Question 6

Ear Canal

Answer 6

“auditory canal” which is the tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane

Question 7

Inner ear/middle ear

Answer 7

Middle ear=contains the Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes), Tympanic membrane and the oval window
Inner ear=contains the cochlea

Question 8

Ossicles

Answer 8

Three small bones (malleus “hammer”, incus “anvil”, stapes”stirrup”) transmit vibrations across the middle ear.

Question 9

Tympanic Membrane

Answer 9

“eardrum” partition between external ear and middle ear

Question 10

Oval window

Answer 10

opening from middle ear to inner ear

Question 11

Cochlea

Answer 11

Snail shaped structure in inner ear, contains primary receptor cells for hearing

Question 12

Scala Vestibuli/Scala media/Scala Tympani

Answer 12

Scala Vestibuli=vestibular canal
Scala Media=middle canal between vestibuli and tympani
Scala Tympani=tympanic canal

Question 13

Round Window

Answer 13

Membrane separating the tympanic canal from the middle ear

Question 14

Organ of Corti

Answer 14

Structure in inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea. contains hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve

Question 15

Hair Cells

Answer 15

Receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea, named for the stereocillia that protude from the top of the cell. Transduce vibrational energy in the cochlea to neural activity.
Inner Hair Cells=provide perception of sounds
Outer Hair Cells=convey information to the brain about mechanical state of the basilar membrane

Question 16

Basilar Membrane

Answer 16

Membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction

Question 17

Cochlear Nucleus

Answer 17

Left and right side of the brain stem that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei

Question 18

Superior Olivary Nucleus

Answer 18

Either of two brainstem nuclei, left and right, receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information

Question 19

Inferior Colliculi

Answer 19

Paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information

Question 20

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

Answer 20

Left or right also, in the thalamus which receives input from the inferior colliculi and send output to auditory cortex

Question 21

Tonotopic Organization

Answer 21

major organization feature in auditory system which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency

Question 22

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)

Answer 22

“A1” Corticle region, located on the superior surface of the temporal lobe, that processes complex sounds transmitted.

Question 23

Place Coding

Answer 23

Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sounds is determined by location of activated hair cells.

Question 24

Temporal Coding

Answer 24

Frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons

Question 25

Intensity Difference

Answer 25

Perceived difference in loudness between two ears, nervous system can use to localize a sound source

Question 26

Latency Difference

Answer 26

Difference between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, can be used by the nervous system to localize a sound source

Question 27

Spectral Filtering

Answer 27

Process by which hills and valleys of the pinna alter the amplitude of some but not all frequencies.

Question 28

Tastes vs flavors

Answer 28

Tastes=salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami | Flavors=involve a sense of smell

Question 29

Pillae and Tastebuds

Answer 29

Pillae=small bump that increases surface area of tongue | Tastebuds=cluster of 50-150 cells that detect tastes, found on edges of the papillae

Question 30

T1R

Answer 30

Family of taste receptor proteins that form test receptors for sweet and umami flavors

Question 31

T2R

Answer 31

Family of bitter taste receptors

Question 32

Gustatory System

Answer 32

Taste projection from tongue to several brainstem nuclei, then the thalamus, and ultimately to the gustatory regions of the somatosensory cortex.

Question 33

Odor

Answer 33

Sensation of smell

Question 34

Olfaction

Answer 34

Sensory system that detects smell

Question 35

Anosmia

Answer 35

Inability to detect odors

Question 36

Olfactory epithelium

Answer 36

sheet of cells including olfactory receptors that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions

Question 37

Olfactory Bulb

Answer 37

anterior projection of the brain that terminates in teh upper nasal passages and through small openings in the skull. Provides receptors for smell.

Question 38

Glomerulus

Answer 38

Complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells. They are each specific to one class of odor receptors

Question 39

Pheromone

Answer 39

Chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal that affects members of the same species. A secondary chemical detection system is found in lower mammals

Question 40

Vomeronasal System

Answer 40

Specialized sensory system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain

Question 41

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Answer 41

Colleciton of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium that detects pheromones and send signals to accessory olfactory bulb in the brain

Question 42

Tace amine-associated receptor (TAAR)

Answer 42

any one of a family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium