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Biopsychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

“Nerve cell” Brain contains nearly 100 billion. Basic unit of the nervous system composed of dendrites, cell body, conducting and transmitting axon.

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2
Q

Glial Cells-(Oligodendrocytes, Schwann, Astrocytes, Microglial)

A

“Glia” Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the brain
Oligo and Schwann wrap around segments of axons to insulate them with a myelin sheath. Oligo=brain and spine, Schwann=rest of body.
Astrocytes weave around and between neurons with tentacle-like extensions (star shaped) control blood flow etc.
Microglial-contain and clean up sites of injury

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Between Neurons where information is transmitted.

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4
Q

Neuron-Input zone

A

Dendrites of neurons receive information from other neurons.

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5
Q

Neuron-Integration zone

A

Neuron cell body (soma), integrates information received to determine whether or not to send a signal.

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6
Q

Neuron-Conduction zone

A

Single axon (nerve fiber) extension to conduct the output information and form electrical impulses.

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7
Q

Neuron-Output zone

A

Specialized swellings at the ends of the axon called axon terminals that transmit neuron’s signals across synapses to other cells

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8
Q

Motoneurons (Motor neurons)

A

Large and have long axons reaching out to synapse on muscles causing muscular contractions.

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Gather sensory information, very diverse shapes depending on what they detect.

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

analyze information gathered from one set of neurons and communicate with others.

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11
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites and a single axon (most common)

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12
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

single dendrite and single axon (most common in sensory systems ex. vision)

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13
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

(monopolar neurons) single extension from cell body that branches an axon into two directions. One is an input zone with dendrite like branches, and the other axon terminals. Transmit touch information from the body to the spinal chord.

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14
Q

Presynaptic/Postsynaptic

A

Pre-located on the transmitting side (axon terminal)

Post-Region that receives and responds to neurotransmitter (dendrite or cell body)

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15
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Gap that separates Pre and Post synaptic membranes measuring 20-40 nanometers

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16
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Microscopic hollow spheres that contains molecules of neurotransmitter.

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter + receptors

A

(synaptic transmitter, chemical transmitter, transmitter) Chemical released from presynaptic axon terminal that serves as basis of communication between neurons.
Neurotransmitter receptors-protein molecules that stud the postsynaptic membrane, capture briefly and react to neurotrasmitter molecules

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18
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ability of nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

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19
Q

Axon hillock, axon collaterals, axonal transport

A

1-cone-shaped area on cell body which axon emerges
2-branch of an axon
3-transportation of materials from cell body to terminals and back. (Outside electric signal, inside substance transport)

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20
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Contain nodes of Ranvier which are bead of uninsulated patches on the axonal membrane. Increases the speed of the electrical signal.

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21
Q

Edema

A

swelling of tissue in response to injury, damages neurons and is responsible for some brain injuries

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22
Q

Gross Neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

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23
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Portion that includes the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Portion that includes all nervous and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

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25
Motor/Sensory Nerves
Motor-transmit information from CNS to muscles and glands | Sensory-convey information from body to CNS
26
Somatic Nervous System/Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic-part of peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connection mostly to muscles and sensory systems. Consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves. (connect brain to major muscles and sensory systems) Autonomic-part of peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connection to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs (connect to internal organs or viscera)
27
Spinal Nerves
Spinal-nerves that emerges from the spinal cord. Cervical (neck), thoracic (trunk), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), coccygeal (bottom). (31 pairs)
28
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
Symp-part of the autonomic nervous system, activates the body for action. Parasymp-part of autonomic nervous system, prepares body to relax and recuperate
29
Cerebral Hemispheres and Cortex
Hemispheres are the two halves of the brain. Cortex is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, consisting largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches.
30
Gyrus and Sulcus
Gyrus-ridged or raised portion of the brain surface | Sulcus-crevice or valley of the brain surface
31
Frontal/Parietal/Occipital/Temporal Lobe/(s)
Frontal-most anterior portion of cortex Parietal-between frontal and occipital lobes in each hemisphere Occipital-coves posterior Temporal-large region of cortex and continuous with parietal but separated from the frontal by Sylvian fissure. Spans "underneath" all the other three
32
Sylvian Fissure/Central Sulcus
Sylvian-"lateral sulcus" deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe Central-fissure that divides the frontal from parietal lobes
33
Corpus Callosum
Main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
34
Postcentral and precentral gyrus
Post-strip of parietal cortex just behind central sulcus that receives somatosensory info from the entire body (touch etc.) Pre-strip of frontal cortex just in front of central sulcus that is crucial for motor control
35
Gray and White Matter
Gray-cell bodies and devoid of myelin, mostly receives and processes information White-mostly myelin sheathed axons underneath gray matter, mostly transmits information
36
Neural Tube
Embryonic structure including formation of forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain (pg 37)
37
Cranial Nerves
Cranial-Nerves that are connected directly to the brain. 3 sensory- Olfactory I (Smell), Optic II (vision), Vestibulocochlear VIII (hearing /balance 5 motor- Ocolumotor III, Trochlear IV, Abducens VI (eyes), Spinal Accessory XI (neck), Hypoglossal XII (tongue) 4 both- Trigeminal V (facial sensation, chewing muscles), Facial VII (taste sensation, facial muscles), Glossopharyngeal IX (throat sensation, throat muscles), Vagus X (heart, liver, intestines) Oh, Oh, Oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, such heaven (names in order with number) Some stars make money but my brother says big brains make more (sensory/motor or both)
38
Medial/Lateral
Toward midline/closer to outsides
39
Ipsilateral/Contralateral
related to the same side/opposite of the midline
40
Proximal/Distal
Close by/far away
41
Afferent/Efferent
arriving information (to the brain)/sending information out (from the brain)
42
Planes (Horizontal, Saggital, Coronal)
divides upper lower, divides left and right, divides front and back
43
Pyramidal Cell
pyramid shaped cell body in layer II or V of the cortex
44
Cortical columns
extend through the thickness of the cortex
45
Basal Ganglia
contains caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Plays a critical role in control of movement
46
Limbic system
overlaps/curls around the basal ganglia, involved with emotion and learning. (includes amygdala, hippocampus/fornix, and cingulate gyrus, and the olfactory bulb
47
Amygdala
Consists of several subdivisions, with diverse functions including emotional regulation and perception of odor.
48
Hippocampus/Fornix
Important for learning and memory
49
Cingulate gyrus
in each hemisphere which is implicated in many cognitive functions including direction of attention
50
Olfactory bulb
sense of smell
51
Thalamus/Hypothalamus
toward medial and basal aspects of the forebrain. Thalamus directs incoming sensory information to the appropriate regions of the cortex. Hypothalamus contains vital nuclei for hunger, thirst, temperature, sex etc.
52
The Midbrain (tectum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, tegmentum, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, reticular information)
Tectum-top of midbrain, has two bumps, one in each hemisphere, roles in sensory processing Superior colliculi-visual processing Inferior Colliculi-process sound Tegmentum-main body of the midbrain, contains substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, and is part fo the reticular formation Substantia nigra-many ways part of the basal ganglia and is a major source of dopaminergic projections Periaqueductal gray-midbrain structure, perception of brain Reticular information-loose collection of neurons that are important with sleep and arousal.
53
Cerebellum
posterior cortex attached to the dorsal brainstem. Made up of a 3 layered tissue. Crucial for motor coordination and control, also aspects of cognition including learning.
54
Pons
contains many nerve fibers, important motor control and sensory nuclei, point of origin for several cranial nerves. wrapped by cerebellum
55
Medulla
transition from brain to spinal chord, connected to pons. Conveys all major motor and sensory fibers to and from the body. Also contains nuclei that drive essential process such as respiration and heart rate.
56
Meninges
Three layers of membranes around the brain. Tough outer sheet called dura mater, then arachnoid a webby substance which suspends the brain in a watery liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), then pia mater which adheres tightly to the surface of the brain. (Meningitis, meningiomas-tumors)
57
Ventricular System
series of chambers in the cerebral called cerebral ventricles.
58
Lateral ventricle
Each hemisphere contains one which extends into all 4 lobes. Lined with Choroid plexus.
59
Choroid plexus
Produces CSF by filtering blood, membrane of lateral ventricle(s)
60
Third ventricle/4th Ventricle
CSF flows from lateral into this and to the 4th. Midline ventricle, conducts CSF from lateral to 4th. Fourth-passageway with the pons which receives CSF and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.
61
Cerebral arteries
Three pairs of large arteries within the skull that supply blood to the cerebral cortex
62
Blood-brain barrier
Highly resistant capillaries in the brain (to large molecules) in order to protect the brain from infection.
63
Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)
examines brain structure through computer analysis of x-ray absorption at several positions around the head
64
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
examines brain structure through magnetism and radio-frequency energy to create images of the gross structure of the brain.
65
Functional MRI (fMRI)
magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow/ identifies regions of the brain that are active.
66
Positron emission tomography (PET)
brain imaging technique that tracks the metabolism of injected radioactive substances in the brain to map brain activity.
67
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
examines brain function by applying a strong magnetic field to stimulate cortical neurons to identify discrete areas of the brain that are active with specific behaviors.
68
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
brain-imaging technology that creates maps of brain activity during cognitive tasks by measuring tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons.
69
Nissl Stains/Golgi Stains
Nissl Stains outline all the cell bodies | Golgi stains fill the whole sell including dentritic spine details
70
Immunocytochemistry
Capitalizes on the affinity of antibodies for specific proteins. Brain slices are exposed to antibodies that are selective for a particular protein of interest.
71
Immediate early genes (IEG)
Uses ICC to label IEG, researchers can identify brain regions that were active during particular behaviors.
72
Horseradish Peroxidase
an enzyme found in the roots of horse radish which is taken up into an axon at the terminals and transported back into the cell body,

Biopsychology (15 decks)

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