Chapter 8

Question 1

Hormone

Answer 1

Chemical, usually secreted by an endocrine gland, that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues

Question 2

Endocrine glands

Answer 2

Glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands are tear, salivary, sweat (outside body)

Question 3

Pheromone

Answer 3

Chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects members of the same species

Question 4

Allomones

Answer 4

Chemical signal that is released outside the body of one species and affects behavior of another species

Question 5

Peptide Hormone

Answer 5

“protein hormone” that consists of a string of amino acids.

Question 6

Amine Hormone

Answer 6

“monoamine hormone” hormone composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule such as melatonin or epinephrine

Question 7

Steroid Hormone

Answer 7

Any of a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.

Question 8

Pituitary gland

Answer 8

A small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull. Sits right below the hypothalamus,

Question 9

Pituitary stalk

Answer 9

Thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 10

Neuroendocrine cell

Answer 10

Neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation

Question 11

Posterior pituitary

Answer 11

rear decision of the pituitary gland (does not produce hormones) rather diffuses them into the blood stream

Question 12

Oxytocin

Answer 12

Hormone, released from posterior pituitary, triggers milk letdown in nursing and is also associated with a variety of complex behaviors

Question 13

Vasopressin

Answer 13

“Arginine vasopressin” peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure

Question 14

Negative Feedback

Answer 14

output of hormone feeds back to inhibit the drive for more of that same hormone

Question 15

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 15

Front division of pituitary gland, secretes tropic hormones

Question 16

Tropic Hormone

Answer 16

Any class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

Question 17

Releasing hormone

Answer 17

any of a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of the tropic hormones

Question 18

Median Eminence

Answer 18

Midline feature on the base of the brain that marks that point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary. Contains elements of the hypothalamic pituitary portal system.

Question 19

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Answer 19

Elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 20

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 20

“somatotropin or somatotropic hormone” A tropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary that promotes the growth of cells and tissues

Question 21

Gonad

Answer 21

Any of the sexual organs that produce gametes for reproduction (ovaries/testes)

Question 22

Gonadotropin

Answer 22

Anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes.

Question 23

Follicle-stimulation hormone (LH)

Answer 23

Gonadotropin named for its actions on ovarian follicles. Stimulates the growth and maturation of egg-containing follicles and governs sperm production

Question 24

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 24

Gonadotropin named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea. Corpora secrete the sex steroid hormone progesterone, stimulates testes to produce sperm

Question 25

Corpora Luteum

Answer 25

Structure that forms from the collapsed ovarian follicle after ovulation. The copora lutea are a major source of progesterone

Question 26

Testes

Answer 26

Male gonads, responsible for production ofsperm and androgenic steroid hormones.

Question 27

Testosterone

Answer 27

Hormone, produced by male gonads that control a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty. One of a class of hormones called androgens

Question 28

Ovaries

Answer 28

Female gonads, which produce eggs (ova) for reproduction

Question 29

Progestin

Answer 29

Any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone

Question 30

Estrogen

Answer 30

Any class of a steroid hormones, including estradiol produced by female gonads

Question 31

Estradiol

Answer 31

Primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary, formal name is 17-beta-estradiol

Question 32

Progesterone

Answer 32

Primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary

Question 33

Ovulatory Cycle

Answer 33

Periodic occurrence of ovulation in females

Question 34

Oral Contraceptive

Answer 34

birth control, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation. Synthetic estrogens or progestins which provide negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus inhibiting release of GnRH which prevents release of FSH and LH

Question 35

Appetitive Behavior

Answer 35

Second stage of mating behavior. Helps establish or maintain sexual interaction

Question 36

Proceptive

Answer 36

Refers to a state in which a female advertises its readiness to mater through species-typical behaviors

Question 37

Copulation

Answer 37

"coitus" the sexual act

Question 38

Intromission

Answer 38

Insertion of penis into vagina during copulation

Question 39

Refractory phase

Answer 39

Period following copulation during which an individual does not recommence copulation

Question 40

Coolidge effect

Answer 40

Propensity of an animal that appears sexually satisfied with a current partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner

Question 41

Sexually Receptive

Answer 41

Referring to the state in which an individual is willing to copulate (typically female in mammals)

Question 42

Estrus

Answer 42

Period during which female animals are sexually receptive

Question 43

Postcopulatory behavior

Answer 43

Final stage in mating behavior, can include grooming or rolling (mice/cats)

Question 44

Gamete

Answer 44

Sex cell (sperm or ovum)

Question 45

Zygote

Answer 45

Fertilized egg

Question 46

Ovulation

Answer 46

Production and release of an egg (ovum)

Question 47

Lordosis

Answer 47

Female receptive posture in four legged animals in which the hind quarters are raised, facilitates intromissions by male

Question 48

Activational effect

Answer 48

Temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal

Question 49

Periaqueductal gray

Answer 49

Midbrain region involved in pain perception

Question 50

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 50

Hypothalamic region involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression. Crucial for lordosis.

Question 51

Medial Preoptic Area (mPOA)

Answer 51

Region of anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors including sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion, and thermoregulation

Question 52

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Answer 52

Collection of specialized receptor cells, near but separate from the olfactory epithelium that detect pheromones and send signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain.

Question 53

Medial Amygdala

Answer 53

Portion of amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information

Question 54

Parabiotic

Answer 54

Refers to a surgical preparation that joins to animals to share a single blood supply....