Chapter 12 Flashcards
(47 cards)
this condition is characterized by chronically thickened and inflamed __________ of the sinuses, and persistant fluid accumulation.
this condition may arise as a result of: inflamed _____, chronic ______ of irritant (ex. cigarette smoke, industrial exposure) & nasal obstruction as a result of a severely _________ or from the presence of nasal __________
chronic sinusitis mucosa sinus inhalation obstruction deviated nasal septum polyps
due to rhinitis and bacterial infection
acute sinusitis
this acute inflammation of the larynx may be infective (majority of cases), allergic, or irritative (smoke ammonia etc)
acute laryngitis
chronic inflammation of the larynx, most commonly seen in heavy cigaratte smokers
chronic laryngitis
a laryngo-tracheobronchitis in young children ( 6 mo to 6 years), with symptoms of ______ (seal barking noise), brass cough and hoarseness that result from varying degrees of laryngeal obstruction.
-complication of an upper respiratory infection and is marked by ______ of the larynx.
-usually caused by _______ infection, most often a para _______ virus
treatment
- cool mist _________ air, ______, _________ and ________ may be needed
croup stridor edema virus influenza humidified, steroids epinephrine endotracheal intubation (ET)
inflammation of the epiglottis
serious condition
most commonly caused by _________ type ___ (bacteria)
-occuring in young children 6+, the infection may be life threatening emergency because swelling of the acutely inflamed epiglottis can obstruct airflow
fever, ______ epiglottis, inspiratory _____ (a loud wheezing sound on inspiration) occurs, difficulty ______ and _______ and the onset of _____ may indicate airway obstruction so severe as to require tracheostomy
treatment: _________
epiglottitis Haemophilus influenzae type B cherry red stridor breathing swallowing cyanosis antibiotic
infection of the lung ________: occurs when normal immune defenses are impaired. clinical features include ____ and ____, productive cough with yellow green ____ or rusty bloody _______, tachypnea with _____ chest pain, decreased breath sounds, dullness to ______ and elevated ___ count
- diagnosis is made by chest ______, sputnum _______ and _____, and ___ cultures
pneumonia parenchyma fever, chills pus sputnum pleuritic percussion WBC x ray gram stain and culture blood cultures
characterized by consolodation of an entire lobe of the lung. usually ______, most common causes are ________ (95%) and ___________
classic gross phases of lobar pneumonia
a) congestion: due to congested ______ and _____
b) __________: due to exudate, neutrophills and hemorrhage filling the alveolar air spaces, giving the normally spongy lung to a ____ consistency
c) _____________: due to degradation of ___ cells and accumulation of ___ within the exudate
d) _______: most patients recover their normal lung structures and functions
lobular pneumonia bacterial streptococcus pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae vessels, edema red hepatization solid gray hepatization red fibrin resolution
mostly by bacterial infection and characterized by scattered ____ appearance centered around bronchioles
bronchopneumonia
patchy
characterized by diffuse interstitial infiltrates
patients develop _____, ___ cough and _____, but there are no signs of consolidation, hence the term atypical pneumonia
caused by ____ or _____ ( influenza virus).
_________ in HIV patients
intersitial pneumonia fever dry dyspnea bacteria, viruses Pneumocystis carinii (fungus)
seen in patients at risk for ________ in hospitals
example: ____________
nosocomial pneumonia
pseudomonas aeruginosa
can be identified by its sweet, grape like odor and its blue green pigment
the pigment known as _______, is facultative and is associated with more severe and more resistant illness
pseudomonas
pyocyanin
a highly communicable serious pulmonary infection caused by an unusual _____ that has spread rapidly through several countries since it was first identified in late 2002
- there are no effective antiviral drugs that can influence the course of the disease
- the virus probably was an ______ virus that was mutated and was able to infect humans
- can be transmitted from person to person through coughing, sneezing, by hands, towels and other items contaminated with the virus
SARS
coronavirus
animal
special type of bacterial disease caused by _____________
-because the tubercle bacillus has a capsule composed of waxes and fatty substances, it is more resistant to destruction than others. only stained by acid fast staining and known as _________
-acquired from organisms inhaled in __________. organisms lodge within the pulmonary __________. sometimes the lung infection spreads to other parts such as kidneys, bones, uterus, fallopian tubes or other sites
two kinds: _____ and _______
tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis acid fast rods airborne droplets alveoli primary, secondary
previously never exposed to MTB and accruing the infection for the first time
localized ____ inflammation via macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which will form __________, which becomes calcified and turn into _______. this complex contains _______ necrosis and may spread to other organs
clinical symptoms of TB: _______ purulent sputnum with a chronic _______, loss of ______ and ____
at night with night sweats, etc.
primary tuberculosis lung granuloma Ghon complex caseous blod streaked cough weight fever
seen mostly in adults as a reactivation of previous infection (or reinfection), particularly when heath status declines
- the patient may be a previously _______ individual or had the infection and recovered
the immune system gets comprised to another infection, drugs or immune compromise, leading to a breach in the immunological barricade around the _____ bacilli in the lungs or bones. the granulomatous inflammation is much more _________. typically, the _____ lung lobes are more affected, and ______ can occur
secondary TB asymptomatic dormant widespread upper cavitation
tuberculosis osteomyelitis (bone infection) involves mainly the ______ and ______vertebrae (known as ______) followed by knee and hip. there is extensive necrosis and bone destruciton and extension to soft tissues, including cold abscess
skeletal TB
thoracic, lumbar
pott’s disease
TB diagnosis
- _______: a positive test reveals recent infection
-chest x ray: when the ______ is large enough to be detected
- ______ culture
- the healed granulomas, however may contain small numbers of ______ organisms, and the infection may become reactivated
treatment: _________
incase the bacteria is resistant against antibiotic
example: ________, _________ & _________ or ________
skin test (Mantoux) granuloma sputum viable multiple antibiotics (2-3) INH, Rifampin & Ethambutol or Streptomycin
disorder characterized by the production of abnormally viscid secretions by the _______ glands and _____ secreting glands, such as those in the pancreas and respiratory tract
-pathogenesis: the most common mutation is a specific gene deletion in the codon for __________ at position 508 in the amino acid sequence. this results in a defect in transmembrane regulator protein known as the (CFTR). Mutation causes release of _____ and_____ to liquefy mucus resulting in thick viscous mucus
-viscous mucus may cause obstruction of the following systems:
- ________ causing meconium ileus in newborn babies
- _______ causing deficiency of the pancreatic enzymes, resulting in malabsorption
-frequent infections with _____ and ______ as the child gets older
-almost all ______ with cystic fibrosis are infertile; ______ may be sub fertile
tests include:
________ tests
____ testing
________ testing
upper ____ and small ____ series
_______ tests
cystic fibrosis endocrine mucus phenylalanine cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductive regulator sodium water intestine pancreas cough, wheeze men females sweat chloride DNA fecal fat GI, bowel pancreatic function
_________ and ________ occur together so frequently that they are usually considered a single entity, designated _____. two types: _____ and _______
pathogenesis (smoking): free oxygen radicals and toxic gas ____ the a1 _______ (AT), which acts as a ________ inhibitor and increase the infalmmatory response which ultimately cause damage of the lung via _____ from the lysosome
pathogenesis (genetics): due to the deficiency of a1 anti-trypsin produced by the _____. A1-AT prevents the lung damage from the proteolytic enzymes.
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) emphysema chronic bronchitis COPD smoking genetic inactivate anti-trypsin protease liver
most frequent and is ususally symptomatic and associated with cigarette smoking
- it is characterized by the destruction of the cluster of terminal ______ near the end of the bronchiolar tree in the central part of the pulmonary lobule. it is most severe in the ______ lobes and the superior segments of the _____ lobes
centrilobular emphysema
bronchioles
upper
lower
the ______ (small alveoli with ducts) is uniformly involved, with the destruction of the _______ Septa from the center to the periphery of the acinus. tend to be on the ______ lobes
panacinar emphysema
acinus
alveolar septa
lower
this condition, previously known as “______ emphysema” is characterized by destruction of _________ and resulting in emphysema in only one or, at most, a few locations. the remainder of the lungs is ________. may cause ___________
localized emphysema paraseptal alveoli normal pneumothorax
emphysema physical exam
- ____ Chest
- prolonged _______ and rapid _____ phase
- thin
- pink skin due to extra ____ cell production
- ______ of accessory muscles
- ____ puffers
barrel expiration rest red hypertrophy pink
