Chapter 28 Part 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
normal central nervous system
____ matter: cortex - ____ , support cells
_____ matter: beneath the cortex - ___________
gray
neuron
white matter
myelinated axons
a group of infections transmitted from the mother to the fetus with similar clinical manifestations
TORCH stands for:
TORCH infections can lead to a syndrome characterized by _______, CNS _____, ____, _______ and ________in
intrauterine infections (TORCH syndrome) Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus- 1 & 2 ( and others such as congenital syphillis)
microcephaly, calcifications, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, thromocytopenia
Tay-Sachs disease
___________ is a lysosomal enzyme that is involved in the breakdown of __________ (type of phospholipids), a type of glycolipid found in high concentration in the ganglion cells of CNS. When this enzyme is deficient, there is the accumulation of ___ gangliosides, which are toxic to neuronal cells and thus leads to progressive neurologic damage
clinical symptoms: rapid & progressive _________, ______, ________, and seizures
Hexosaminidase A gangliosides GM2 neurodegeneration blindness cherry red macula
Down’s Syndrome
______ accounts for 95% of the cases and increase with maternal age
clinical symptoms: mental retardation, unique _____ features, ___ abnormalities, ______mouth and large _____, _____ diseases, intestinal defects, ____ and ___ abnormalities
diagnostic test: a) increase in _____ protein
b) increase of ____ in blood/amniotic fluid of the female
Trisomy 21 facial eye gaping tongue hand, toe alpha estriol
this group of disorders is characterized by failure of closure of the neural tube
the resulting defects can involve the _____ or ____ with or without the in involvement of the underlying meninges, spinal cord, or brain
-these disorders are characteristically associated with increased concentration of ______ in amniotic fluid or maternal serum
there are also linked maternal _____ deficiency
NTDs (neural tube defects)
vertebrae, skull
a-fetoprotein
folic acid
failure of posterior vertebral arches to close
spina bifida
spina bifida with no clinically apparent abnormalities. it presents as a patch of ___ overlying the vertebral defect
spina bifida occulta
hair
spina bifida complicated by herniation of meninges through a defect
two types:
a) _______: herniated membranes consisting of meninges only
b) ___________: protrusion of meninges and spinal cord
spina bifida cystica
meningocele
meningomyelocele
absence of fetal brain tissue. usually associated with the absence of overlying ____. mass of vascular connective tissue mixed with ______ brain and ________. leads to a ____ like appearance of the fetus
anencephaly skull degenerative choroid plexus frog like
downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and medulla through the foramen ______. it often results in pressure _____ of displaced brain tissue
in addition, it causes _____ as a result of obstruction of the ___ outflow tract
arnold chiari malformation magnum atrophy hydrocephalus CSF
failure of cerebellar vermis to develop, presents as massively dilated ___ ventricle with an absent _____ and _______
diagnostic tests: a) ____, b) increase in ____________ in blood or amniotic flid
prevention: supplement of _____ > 1000 ug/day to prevent NTDs
dandy-walker malformation 4th cerebellum, hydrocephalus ultrasound acetylcholine esterase folic acid
This condition denotes increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cranial cavity.
In infants, it is associated with (sometimes marked enlargement of the ____
it is most often caused by obstruction to the _______by congenital malformations, inflammation and tumors. It can also occur as hydrocephalus without obstruction or increased CSF production in disorders characterized by decreased ____ mass, such as ______brain atrophy or advanced_____ disease.
hydrocephalus skull CSF circulation cerebral ischemic Alzheimer
The injury that occurs at a site opposite the side of impact.
the head stops abruptly and the brain collides with the inside of the skull
contrecoup injuries
progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions as well as asymptomatic sub concussive hits to the head. This trauma triggers progressive degeneration of the brain tissue, including the build-up of an abnormal protein called ___.
These changes in the brain can begin months, years, or even decades after the last brain trauma or end of active athletic involvement. The brain degeneration is associated with _____loss, confusion, impaired ______, impulse _____ problems, _______ ,______, and, eventually, progressive ______
CTE (chronic traumatic encelopathy)
tau
memory, confusion, judgement, control, aggression, depression,
dementia
This hematoma is an arterial hemorrhage associated with skull fracture and most often with the laceration of branches of the middle meningeal artery.
clinical characteristics include a short period of _________ (______), followed by rapidly developing signs of cerebral _________
-an emergency and surgical intervention is essential due to _____ into the brain substance. complication is _____. ____ shape lesion on CT
epidural hematoma consciousness (lucid interval) compression bleeding herniation lens
The cause is venous bleeding, most often from bridging veins joining the cerebrum to venous sinuses within the dura.
collection of blood underneath the ____ and blood covers surface of brain
_____ shaped lesion on CT. increased rate of occurrence in _____due to age related atrophy
clinical characteristics include gradual signs of cerebral _____ occurring hours to days or even weeks after head injury
_____ symptoms (ex. headache) caused by increased ______ pressure
complicaiton is _____
subdural hematoma dura crescent elderly nonspecific intracranial herniation
herniations (protrusions) of brain
displacement of cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum. compression of brain stem leads to ________ arrest
tonsillar herniation
cardiopulmonary
involves displacement of temporal lobe. compression of cranial nerve ___: eyes moving ___ & our with a ____ pupil
uncal herniation
II
down
dilated
The uncus of the para hippocampal gyrus is herniated downward to displace the mid-brain, resulting in _____ of the midbrain with increased anterior to posterior and diminished left to right dimensions. The _____ nerve may be compromised, leading to an ipsilateral third nerve ____
transtentorial herniation
distortion
palsy
consists of bleeding into the subarachnoid space
-this is frequently associated with ______ of the circle of willis
caused by a) traumatic ____ of the brain
b) rupture of congenital ________
- high mortality
- CT scan shows ____, lumber puncture reveals blood in ___
subarachnoid hemorrhages berry aneurysm contusion berry aneurysms blood CSF
mechanisms causing spinal injury
two types
_________ syndrome: bony fragments put pressure on the anterior portion of the cord resulting in loss of motor movements and pain below the injury
_________: hyperextension of cervical spine resulting in loss of motor movements in the upper extremity and disruption
anterior cord syndrome
central cord syndrome
Caused by injury to one side of the spinal cord. The damage to the one side results in sensory and motor loss to that one side of the body. ____ and ______ perception are lost on the _____ side of the body because of the switching of the associated nerves as they enter the spinal cord
Mostly caused by ______injury to one side of the spinal cord. The damage to the one side results in sensory and motor loss to that one side of the body.
brown-sequard syndrome
pain, temperature
opposite
penetrating
neurologic deficit due to cerebrovascular compromise, major cause of morbidity and mortality
due to _____ (85% of cases) or _____ (15%)
main factors contributing: cerebral _____, cerebral _____, cerebral ____ and arteriosclerosis of _____ arteries
stroke (brain attack
ischemia, hemorrhage
thrombosis, emoblus hemorrhage, carotid
these brief episodes of impaired neurologic function are caused by a temporary disturbance of cerebral circulation
-not associated w _____ damage, but are considered precursors to more serious occlusive events. indicative of ____ artery disease
symptoms resolve in a couple _____
transient ischemic attacks
permanent
carotid
minutes
