Chapter 17 Flashcards
(22 cards)
delirium
Typical development of over _ to _ days, most commonly in critical care units, _______ or during ______ from central nervous system (CNS) depressants (e.g., alcohol, narcotic agents)
2,3
postsurgically
withdrawal
Focal (partial) Jacksonian seizures most often begin in the ___ and ____ and then progressively spread to other body parts.
face, fingers
alterations in arousal motor responses \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Involve the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Vomiting without nausea indicates the direct involvement of the central neural mechanism (or \_\_\_\_\_\_ obstruction).
Vomiting, yawning, and hiccups are complex ______ motor responses that are integrated by neural mechanisms in the lower brainstem. Vomiting often accompanies ____ injuries that involve the ______ nuclei
vomiting, yawning, hiccuping medulla pyloric reflexlike CNS vestibular
With normal breathing, a neural center in the forebrain (_______) produces a rhythmic breathing pattern. When consciousness decreases, lower brainstem centers regulate the breathing pattern by responding only to changes in PaCO2 levels.
This irregular breathing pattern is called _____
Rhythmic breathing returns when the________ level returns to normal.
cerebrum
posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA)
carbon dioxide
dementia clinical manifestations
1
2
3
memory
speech
decision making
Direct destruction of the reticulating activation system (RAS
Infratentorial disorders produce a decline in
______ through a direct destruction of the RAS and its pathways.
The most common cause of direct destruction is _________ disease, but _________ diseases, ______, _______, ________, and ______ injury also may cause brainstem destruction by tissue compression.
arousal cerebrovascular demyelinating diseases neoplasms granulomas abscesses head
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Administer riluzole (____), an ______which is standard treatment that prolongs life for months but does not cure.
rilutek
antiglutamate
Diseases and conditions associated with seizure disorders
Although the _____ may be supplemented with the remaining options, it remains the pivotal tool for establishing the cause of a seizure disorder.
The most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing its cause is
history
health history
Is a medical emergency.
A state of continuous seizures lasting more than _ minutes, or second seizure is experienced before the person has fully regained consciousness from the preceding seizure, or a single seizure lasts longer than ___ minutes. Resulting in _____ of the brain.
5
30
hypoxia
In Parkinson disease the basal ganglia influence the hypothalamic function to produce this clinical manifestations
Inappropriate ______
_____ retention
______ retention
______ sleep, ______, muscle _____and ______
diaphoresis gastric urinary fragmented depression stiffness bradykinesia
: Is a sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by an abrupt explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons.
seizure
Rare, __________t hereditary-degenerative disorder; short arm on chromosome _
Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia (____ and _____ nuclei) and _______cerebral cortex.
huntington disease autosomal dominant 4 caudate, putamen frontal
types of seizures
______ (______) seizures: neurons _______
________
partial focal
unilateral
status epilepticus
alzheimer disease
______ plaques, _______ tangles, as well as _____ and ______ losses in the brain, characterize Alzheimer disease
amyloid
neurofibrillary
synaptic, neuronal
________ respiration is an abnormal rhythm of breathing (periodic breathing) that alternates between hyperventilation and apnea.
cheyne-stokes
Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) involving the _______ nigrostriatal pathway
Loss of dopaminergic-pigmented neurons in the _______ causes the below signs:
Rigidity: Cogwheel, plastic
Bradykinesia and akinesia
Resting tremor
Postural abnormalities: Postural fixation, equilibrium, righting
Autonomic-neuroendocrine symptoms
Cognitive-affective symptoms and dementia
dopaminergic
substantia nigra
diagnostic criteria for vegetative state
Include the return of professed vegetative (________) functions
_______ cycles
normalization of _____ and _____system functions
autonomic
sleep-wake
respiratory, digestive
Brain death criteria:
Completion of all appropriate, therapeutic procedures
_________ (absence of motor and reflex responses)
No spontaneous ______ (apnea)
No _____ function
_____ (flat) electroencephalography (EEG) for _to _hours.
unresponsive respirations brainstem isoelectric 6, 12
Alterations of Arousal
__________ apnea: Lower brainstem centers regulate breathing pattern
__________ respirations: Abnormal rhythm of breathing with alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea
posthyperventilation
cheyne-stokes
cerebral death
emerge into a ________ state
vegetative
Cognitive cerebral functions require a functioning ___________
reticular activating system (RAS)
_______ seizure results is impaired consciousness, as well as the inability to respond to exogenous stimuli
complex partial
