chapter 27 Flashcards
(18 cards)
muscle cells
_______, terminally differentiated cells that cannot _______
-specialized cells that are rich in _______ proteins (_____ and ______)
-primary function is ________
-high ratio of _______ to nuclei
-_____ and ______ cells
-nuclei located beneath the ________
postmitotic divide contractile actin,myosin contractability cytoplasm long, extensible cell membrane
the site of contact between the axon and the muscle fiber
________ - neurotransmitter
enzyme __________
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
acetylcholine
cholinesterase
normal muscle and muscl diseases
many toxin and drugs may affect the muscle
muscle is often affected by ________ disorders
-destruction of muscle fibers is characterized by a release of _____
-muscle cells are relatively resistant to infections
autoimmune creatine kinase (CK)
inflammatory disorder of the skin and skeletal muscle. _____ cause. rash of the ________ (______ rash). ____ papules on the _______, ______, and ______ (_____ lesion). lab findings: increased _______ and _____ antibody
treatment: ________
dermatomyositis idiopathic upper eyelids helitrope red knees, knuckles, elbows Grotton CK, anti-Jo-1 antibody corticosteroids
form of muscle cell atrophy caused by the injury of the nerves
- upper motor neuron - _________
- lower motor neuron - __________
neurogenic atrophy
central cortex
spinal cord
thick, fibrous inflexible membrane surrounding muscle that aids in binding muscle groups together
fascia
natural patterns in the surface of the skin revealing tension within
tension lines
topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root
dermatones
it is the dissolution of skeletal muscle fibers and release of ________ into the circulation, which may result in myoglobin in ______ and acute ______ failure. may be acute, subacute or chronic. during acute, muscles are ____, ______ and profoundly ____
- causative factors: ______, _______. pain to this is also well known during treatment with __________ (______)
- pathological features: ______ of muscle fibers and varying degrees of __________. clusters of ______ are seen in and around muscle fibers, but these are not accompanied by _______or _________ cells
rhabdomyolysis myoglobin urine renal swollen, tender, weak influenza, alcoholism cholesterol-lowering agents (statins) naecrosis degeneration macrophages lymphocytes inflammatory
autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors
- hypersensitivity ___
- antibodies will block the neuron transmission due to its binding to the receptor and resulting in no muscle ________
- antibodies are mostly synthesized by the thymus gland
treatment:
- long lasting ________ to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine @ NMJ
- __________ to remove autoantibodies
- immunosuppressive drugs like ________
- surgery of _______ in young patients
diagnosis: _______ test and presence of _______ in blood
clinical symptoms: musclar _________ and small _______ muscles and ____ muscles most often involved
-______, easy ______ on reading, ____ muscle weakness, inability to ____; all muscles may become affected
myasthenia gravis II movement anti-cholinesterase blood transfusion cyclosporine A thymus tensilon test autoantibodies weakness extraocular facial ptosis fatigability facial chew
antibodies against presynaptic calcium channels of the neuromuscular junction. known as _________ syndrome due to _______ carcinoma of the lung. leads to impaired _______ release.
- firing of presynaptic _______ channels is required for acetylcholine release. may be ________. clinical features include proximal muscle _________ (_____ and _____)
treatment: treating the ________
lambert-eaton syndrome paraneoplastic small cell acetylcholine calcium autoimmune weakness limbs, trunk cancer
genetic defects inherited as Mendelian traits. Inherited as _______ or ______ traits
- a progressive course and symptoms related to muscle wasting
- clinically, muscular dystrophies are a _______ group of diseases
- they differ from one another with regard to: mode of ________, ______ of onset, muscle groups that are initially ______ & the _______ of the dieases
- limited diagnostic value of histologic examination of muscle biopsy
- elevated ___ level in blood
muscular dystrophies autosomal, sex-linked heterogeneous inheritance, age, affected severity CK
most common muscular dystrophy
-caused by deficiency of _______
-this holds together other structural proteins, linking them to the cell membrane
-degeneration of ______ muscle cells with ensuing muscle weakness
-sex-linked _____ disease
-occurs only in ____
-milder form _______ dystrophy: due to the mutated dystrophin. better prognosis. death around ___
clinical symptoms:
the abnormal muscle cells have an _____ shape, _______ of the cytoplasm, and _____ located nuclei
calf _________ (replacement of muscle with _____ and _____ tissue) presence of _____ maneuver (use of ____ to rise from crouching position) , difficulty getting up from a squatting position
-appearance of symptoms in ______ children
-weakness of the weight carrying muscles of the ____ girdle and ______ extremities. deformed _____, inability to keep legs ______, contractures and deformities of the extremities
- ________ infections, ____ failure
-early death - usually in late ____ or ____
duchenne-type muscular dystrophy dystrophin skeletal recessive boys Becker's 40 irregular granularity centrally pseudohypertrophy fibrous, fatty Gowers arms preschool pelvic lower legs straight pulmonary, heart teens, 20s
second most common genetic muscle disease
-autosomal _______
_______ repeats
-_______(inability to relax contracted muscles), “______ face”, weakness of ____ muscles, _____ symptoms
treatment: _______ to treat myotonia
myotonic dystrophy dominant triple nucleotide (CTG) myotonia hatchet eye systemic phenytoin
generalized muscle weakness in infancy
“floppy infant syndrome”
congenital myopathies
diabetic myopathy
cancer myopathy
acquired myopathies
this type of food poisoning is caused by ________ botulinum. mostly from old ______ food
pathogenesis: this toxin binds to _______ nerve endings at the ________ terminal and blocks the acetylcholine release
-clinical symptoms: ______ of the muscles (_____ and ______). toxins are classified from __ to __
-treatments: ______ are administered to counteract the toxin but has to be administered _______
______: same toxin with less virulance for cosmetic purposes
clostridum canned acetylcholine pre-synaptic acetylcholine paralysis skeletal respiratory A, G anti toxins quickly botox
most common malignant soft tissue tumor in children
most common site is ____ and ____
_____ is common site for young girls
soft tissue sarcoma: rhabdomyosarcoma
head, neck
vagina
