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BIO 1200 > Chapter 12: DNA and RNA and Protein > Flashcards

Chapter 12: DNA and RNA and Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

what do eukaryotic gene structures contain?

A

promoter, coding region (exons and introns), and termination signal (terminator)

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2
Q

to be expressed as a gene, DNA must be

A

copied into mRNA
mRNA must be used to make protein
proteins are the workhorses of the cell

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3
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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4
Q

what is a promoter and where is it located?

A

region the controls when and where DNA is transcribed into RNA

it is located upstream (in front of) the coding region

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5
Q

what is the coding region?

A

part of the gene that is transcribed into RNA

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6
Q

in the coding region, mRNA is later transcribed into

A

Protein

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7
Q

what sites do coding regions contain?

A

start and stop sites for RNA synthesis

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8
Q

what are exons?

A

regions that code for amino acids

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9
Q

what are introns?

A

noncoding regions of DNA

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10
Q

what is the termination signal (terminator)?

A

sequence of DNA that tells the RNA polymerase to stop making RNA

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11
Q

what type of genes contain introns?

A

eukaryotic
prokaryotic does nto

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12
Q

what is monocistronic and what type of gene has it?

A

1 gene -> 1 polypeptide

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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13
Q

what is polycistronic and what type of genes is it?

A

many genes arranged in an operon

only prokaryotic

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14
Q

what is DNA transcribed into?

A

rna

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15
Q

what is transcription?
enzyme?
location?

A

RNA synthesis
RNA polymerase
in nucleus in eukaryotes

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16
Q

what is the purpose of transcription?

A

to make RNA from DNA

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17
Q

process of RNA and protein synthesis in eukaryotes
what are the steps, what do the make, where??

A

transcription (makes pre-mRNA in nucleus)
RNA splicing (makes mRNA in nucleus)
translation (makes protein in cytoplasm)

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18
Q

process of RNA and protein synthesis in prokaryotes
what are the steps, what do the make, where??

A

transcription (makes mRNA in cytoplasm)
translation (makes proteins in cytoplasm)

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19
Q

how does transcription differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic- makes mRNA in the cytoplasm
eukaryotic- makes pre-mRNA in the nucleus

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20
Q

is prokaryotic or eukaryotic simpler? why!

A

prokaryotic
no introns or nucleus

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger) - codes for AA in protein
rRNA (ribosomal) - structural part of the ribosome
tRNA (transfer) - brings AA to the ribosome during protein synthesis

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22
Q

how is rRNA folded up?

A

into a complicated secondary structure

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23
Q

brings the amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

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24
Q

what does the end of the tRNA react with?

A

mRNA

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25
what are the steps in transcription in prokaryotes?
initiation, elongation, termination
26
what is step 1 in transcription: initiation?
sigma factor (a transcription factor)binds conserved DNA sequences in the promoter RNA polymerase binds to sigma factor region of DNA and RNA polymerase unwinds
27
what is a factor?
protein
28
what is the second step of transcription: elongation
sigma factor binds to conserved DNA sequences found in the prometer RNA polymerase binds to sigma factor sigma factor is released from DNA RNA polymerase begins making RNA, using DNA as a template
29
what would happen to the RNA polymerase if it didn’t have the sigma factor?
it would bind randomly
30
what is the template strand?
strand of DNA copied into RNA
31
what is the coding strand?
strand of FNA that has the same sequence as the RNA
32
what direction is RNA always made in? dna copied?
5-3 3-5
33
how is RNA made from DNA?
by adding the complementary bases into the new RNA
34
bases in RNA are ____ to bases in DNA
complementary
35
what is termination?
when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator it stops making RNA and falls off the newly made mRNA is released from the DNA
36
what is RNA splicing?
removes introns and makes nature mRNA
37
what is made in transcription in RNA synthesis?
makes pre-mRNA (exons and introns
38
what are the steps in RNA synthesis in eukaryotes?
transcription RNA splicing
39
what is transcription in eukaryotes?
RNA polymerase ( and transcription factors) binds to the promoter and unwinds the DNA in this region RNA synthesis begins
40
what is added and where after 20-25 bases of RNA are made?
cap pre-mRNA
41
what is the name of the cap?
7 methylguanosine cap
42
Is the cap protective?
yes
43
how do the cap bind?
phosphate is attached to phosphate
44
when does RNA synthesis stop?
until a termination signal is reached. The transcription stops and a poly A tail is added
45
what is the termination signal?
sequence in DNA, makes RNA synthesis stop
46
what adds the poly A tail?
a type of polymerase
47
do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have caps?
no, prokaryotic dont
48
where is the start and end codon?
is never the first or last nucleotide in the exon
49
what is the result of transcription in eukaryotes?
a pre-mRNA
50
what end is the cap on?
5’ of RNA
51
where end is the poly A tail on?
the 3’ end
52
what are exons?
parts of RNA that code for protein
53
what are introns?
no coding bits of RNA
54
what type of mRNA is made at the end of eukaryote transcription?
nonfunctional
55
what makes the mRNA functional and how?
RNA splicing removes introns
56
what is the result of transcription in prokaryotes?
mature mRNA
57
what is mature mRNA?
is ready to be translated into protein
58
what is the formation of transcription in prokaryotic? eukaryotic
5’ ppp, coding region, 3’ OH 5’ CAP ppp, exon, intron, exon, 3’ AAAA
59
Once introns are removed in pre-mRNA it makes ____ that can be translated into ___
mature mRNA protein
60
why don’t prokaryotic need RNA splicing?
there are no introns
61
what are spliceosomes?
complex forms
62
what are snRNPs?
(snRNA and protein) and other proteins bind to the introns
63
what is removed and what is ligrated to make functional mRNA?
introns exons
64
what is removed and what is ligrated to make functional mRNA?
introns exons
65
what is the intron removed as in RNA splicing?
lariat (loop)
66
what are exons lighted together to make?
mRNA
67
what are the steps in RNA splicing?
- snRNPs and proteins bind to conserved sequences in the intron - U1 snRNP binds to the 5’ splice site - U2 snRNP binds to the branch point - other snRNP bind and the spliceosome forms
68
what is the first step in RNA splicing?
intron is cut at the 5’ splice site and located to branch point to form a lariat
69
what is the second step in RNA splicing ?
intron is cut at the 3’ splice site and exits are ligated together = mature RNA
70
what is the result of RNA splicing and where is it shipped?
functional mRNA out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm
71
what is the structure of mature mRNA
Cap- exon 1- exon 2- poly a tail
72
what is mRNA translated into?
protein
73
what it translation and its location?
protein synthesis in cytoplasm on ribosomes
74
what is transcription translation
RNA synthesis protein synthesis
75
what molecules are involved in protein synthesis and what are they?
ribosomes - organelle where protein synthesis occurs, composed of rRNA and proteins amino acids- building blocks of a protein mRNA- acts as a template for protein synthesis
76
what does mRNA contain? what are they?
codons group of 3 nucleotides
77
1 codon in mRNA codes for
1 amino acid in the protein
78
what is on each end of tRNA?
anticodon on one and amino acid on the other
79
what is an anticodon? what does it base pair to?
3 nucleotides on tRNA nucleotides on mRNA
80
is the universal redundant or not? why?
redundant more than one codon can code do a specific AA
81
universal code=
genetic code
82
during translation, ____ on the ____ are recognized by the ____ on the ____ by base pairing
codons mRNA anticodons tRNA
83
what is the universal code used for and the result?
used to translate the nucleotide code of DNA/RNA into the amino acid code of proteins synthesis of a new polypeptide =protein
84
what is in the coding region?
start codon- met codons for AA stop codon
85
what is the UTR?
untranslated region regulatory region for protein synthesis not an intron
86
what is an essential part of mRNA?
utr
87
what is the detailed structure of mRNA in eukaryotes?
cap-5, UTR- coding region- 3’, UTR- polyAtail
88
what are the steps in translation?
initiation chain elongation termination
89
what are the small subunits of ribosomes?
p site: 1st tRNA bind, growing protein a site: 2nd/ new tRNA binds e site: exit site for tRNA
90
what are the steps of initiation in translation?
mRNA binds to small subunit of ribosome 1st tRNA binds to start codon large subunit of ribosome binds
91
what are the steps in chain elongation of translation?
1) 2nd tRNA binds to the a site = 2nd position 2) peptide bond is made between amino acid in 1st tRNA and amino acid in 2nd tRNA 3) amino acid chain transferred from 1st tRNA to 2nd tRNA 4) translocation: ribosome moves forward one codon empty tRNA now in e site, exits tRNA with amino acid chain now in p site repeat cycle with next tRNA
92
what is the first and second position of initiation
1) 1st tRNA bind to the p site 2) 2nd tRNA binds to the a site
93
what are the steps of termination in translation?
1)ribosome comes to a stop codon on mRNA a release factor binds to the stop codon 2)release factor breaks bond between the polypeptide chain and the last tRNA 3) the ribosome disassembles the mRNA is released and can be used the released factor is released polypeptide and tRNA are released

BIO 1200 (17 decks)

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