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BIO 1200 > Chapter 16: Cell Cycle Mitosis And Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Cell Cycle Mitosis And Meiosis Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

requirements for cell growth

A

growth and metabolism- cell mass must increase
DNA replication- DNA is duplicated so there are 2 exact copies of each chromosome
mitosis and cytokinesis- contents of cell are divided so each cell gets identical amount of genetic material

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2
Q

mitosis is ___ division
cytokinesis is ___ division

A

nuclear
cell/cytoplasm

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3
Q

phases of the cell cycle

A

G1- gap between M and S, start
S - DNA replication, centrosome is replicated
G2 - gap between S and M
M- mitosis and cytokinesis

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4
Q

phases in interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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5
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm (there are 2 cells now)

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

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7
Q

what happens when cells pass a point in G1 called start or ____?

A

restriction point
they are committed to going through the rest of the cell cycle

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8
Q

what happens to cells that don’t pass through start?

A

may enter G0, a resting phase, until conditions change

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9
Q

cells spend a lot of time in which phase?

A

G1

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10
Q

chromatid number
G1: each chromosome has ___ chromatid
G2: each chromosome has ___ chromatid

A

1
2

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11
Q

key transition points in the cell cycle are
most important?

A

G1 checkpoint: restriction point (start)- most important
G2 Checkpoint
Metaphase Checkpoint

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12
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

regulates passage beyond start and entry into S

main regulatory checkpoint. Once a cell passes start if is committed to dividing

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13
Q

G1 checkpoint is influenced by

A

growth factors- like hormone, promotes growth
nutrients- have enough nutrients to support 2 cells
cell size- is it big enough to split into 2?
DNA damage- don’t want to replicate cells with damage

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14
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

regulates entry into M

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15
Q

G2 checkpoint influenced by

A

cell size
DNA damage
DNA replication- is replication complete?

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16
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

cells checks to make sure chromatids are attached to spindle. Mitosis is delayed until all chromatids can be properly attached

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17
Q

past the metaphase checkpoints, cells are

A

committed to dividing the chromosomes up between 2 daughter cells

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18
Q

Metaphase Checkpoint is influenced by

A

chromosome attachments to spindle

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19
Q

function of mitosis

A

to produce a duplicate of the parent cell

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20
Q

all growing cells carry out
2n cells->
1n cells->

A

mitosis
2 new 2n cells (diploid)
2 new 1n cells (plants and fungi, not humans) (haploid)

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21
Q

when does Mitosis occur

A

M phase

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22
Q

diploid organisms have _ of each chromosome, ___ from each parent

A

2
1

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23
Q

sister chromatid

A

Same genes and exactly the same alleles

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24
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same genes, may have different alleles

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25
nonsister chromatids
same genes, may have different alleles
26
function is to produce 2 identical cells each cell is ___ to the parent cell each cell has ____ dna
mitosis identical exactly the same
27
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins DNA is double stranded and made of nucleotides 50% is protein (histones and nonhistones)
28
extended losses lacked uncondensed for of DNA form found where
chromatin beads on a string interphase (actively growing)
29
form of DNA accessible to enzymes
chromatin
30
most tightly packed condensed form of DNA shape visible
chromosome X shaped chromosome only mitosis and meiosis
31
chromosome need __ types of sequences and they are
3 ORI- original of replication Centromere- connect to the spindle fibers and sister chromatids telomere- ends of chromosomes
32
kinetochore
protein disc one end attaches to centromere of chromosome one end attaches to kinetochore microtubules- spindle
33
homologous chromosomes
same genes in same order one from each parent same six and shape may have different alleles
34
heterologous chromosomes
different chromosomes contains different genes
35
each chromatid is ___ of DNA
one molecule one half of the x - the other half is identical
36
haploid
1N 1 of each chromosome human gametes
37
diploid
2N 2 of each kind of chromosome human somatic cells one complete set came from mom and dad
38
N=
#of heterologous chromosomes
39
gene
region of DNA that codes for an RNA or protein (trait)
40
allele
different form of a gene/ trait a vs A you can have more than two forms of alleles
41
shape of genes and alleles
seed shape smooth or wrinkled
42
count __ not ___ to determine haploid or diploid
chromosomes chromatids
43
chromosomes can have 1 or 2 chromatids in what type of cells
Haploid or diploid
44
a chromosome has its own
centromere
45
what division is not in humans?
1N -> 2 new 1n cells
46
DNA is replicated in the __ phase so each chromosome has ___ chromatids
S 2
47
centrosome was replicated in _ phase
S
48
phases of mitosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
49
function of interphase
cell growth and metabolism
50
prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes chromosome has 2 chromatids nucleosus disappears spindle forms
51
prometaphase
nuclear membrane breaks down chromosomes attach to spindle
52
microtubules attach to chromosomes at the
kinetochore
53
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 1 chromosome per spindle fiber
54
anaphase a
chromosomes split each chromatid is now called a chromosome (has its own centromere) chromosomes move to opposite poles
55
anaphase b
cell elongates in preparation for cell division =cytokinesis spindle fibers (polar microtubules) push against each other
56
telophase
reverse of prohase nuclear membrane reforms chromosomes decondense, go back to chromatin spindle fibers breaks down nucleolus reforms cytokinesis- cell division
57
Mitosis result of telopahse and cytokinesis
2 identical cells, each chromosome has 1 chromatid
58
C=
number of chromatids per cell (dna content)
59
result of mitosis ____ cells each cell has ___ chromosomes each cell has ___ dna
2 identical same number exactly the same- same alleles
60
human gametes ____ divide
never
61
diploid cells: 2N cells-> haploid cells: 1N cells->
2 2N cells 2 1N cells
62
reduction division =
meiosis
63
Meoisis G1 G2 end of meiosis 1 and of meiosis 2
2N 2N 1N 1N
64
meiosis function
to make cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
65
meiosis: daughter cells have ___ as parent cell
half the number of chromosomes
66
meiosis: each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes but the DNA In each cell is
different- different alleles
67
meiosis: only in special reproductive cells that produce
gametes sperm and eggs (both 1N)
68
diploid organisms have __ of each chromosome, _ from each parent
2 1
69
meiosis has __ rounds of cell division Meiosis 1: ___ separates Meiosis 2: ___ separates
2 homologous chromosomes sister chromatids
70
what happens in meiosis 1
homologous chromosomes separate and go to different cells
71
what happens in meiosis 2
sister chromatids separate and go to different cells
72
interphase dna is in ___ form ____ surrounds the dna ___ have replicated
chromatin nuclear membrane centromeres
73
prophase 1
nuclear membrane breaks down spindle forms chromatin condenses into chromosomes homologous chromosomes pair up (only happens in prophase in meiosis
74
when does crossing over of nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occur
may occur in prophase 1
75
metaphase 1
homologous chromosome pairs attach to spindle homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell (line up randomly)
76
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes pairs and separate each chromosome goes to opposite pole cell elongates and cytokinesis begins
77
if a chromatid has its own centromere and it is called
Chromosome
78
telophase 1
nucleus reforms chromosomes decondense into chromatin spindle disappears opposite of prophase 1
79
result of meoisis 1
each cell is 1N- has 1 copy of each chromosome each chromosome has 2 chromatids dna in each cell is not identical
80
in meiosis 2 cells have _ chromosomes from
1 each homologous pair
81
prophase 2
nucleus breaks down spindle forms chromatin condenses into chromosomes
82
metaphase 2
each chromosome attaches to the spindle chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
83
anaphase 2
chromatids are pulled apart each chromatid= chromosomes each chromosome goes to the opposite pole
84
telophase 2
nucleus reforms spindle disappears chromosomes decondense into chromatin
85
telophase 2 and cytokinesis
cytokinesis = cell division is complete 4 haploid cells
86
telophase 1 and cytokinesis
cytokinesis- cell division is complete
87
result of meiosis 2
each cell has 1 of each chromosome- 1N each chromosome has 1 chromatid the dna in each cell has different gene combinations- different alleles
88
independent assortment
different products of meiosis are made depending on how the chromosome pairs line up during metaphase 1
89
each chromosome assorts independently: maternal and paternal chromosomes line up
randomly
90
significance of independent assortment equation
a large number of gene combinations are possible total combinations possible - 2^n n- unique chromosomes
91
recombination = crossing over chromosomes chromatids
In prophase 1 homologous chromosomes line up so there are 4 chromatids lined up together Nonsister chromatids exchange part of their dna : dna breaks and rejoins creatin new gene combinations
92
crossing over is ___ the farther apart 2 genes are ___
common the more crossovers will occur between them
93
significance : crossing over produces
new gene combinations
94
mitosis vs meiosis functions
to produce 2 identical cells to produce cells that have half the number of chromosomes
95
mitosis vs meiosis which cells
any cells only in reproductive ells
96
mitosis vs meiosis starting cells
can be 2N or 1N - each chromosome has 2 chromatids only in 2N cells - each chromosome has 2 chromatids
97
in multicellular 1N organisms, not humans
mitosis
98
mitosis vs meiosis prophase
see individual chromosomes 1- homologous chromosomes pair up
99
mitosis vs meiosis metaphase
individual chromosomes attach to the spindle 1- chromosome pairs attach to the spindle (2 on each spindle)
100
mitosis vs meiosis anaphase
sister chromatids separate homologous chromosomes separate
101
mitosis vs meiosis telophase
2 identical cells are made - can be 2N or 1N (2 of each chromosome, 1 chromatid/ chromosome) 1- 2 different 1N cells are made (1 of each chromosome, 2 chromatids/ chromosome 2- 4 different 1N cells ( 1 of each chromosome, 1 chromatid/ chromosome
102
is crossing over common?
yes

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