Chapter 3: Chemical Basis Of Life 2 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
what do organic compounds contain?
A
carbon and hydrogen
2
Q
what are atoms in organic molecules usually connected by?
A
covalent bonds
3
Q
what are organic compounds made by?
A
living organisms
4
Q
what do inorganic compounds contain?
A
elements, metals, and ions
5
Q
what are atoms in inorganic molecules usually connected by?
A
ionic bonds
6
Q
where are inorganic compounds found?
A
the environment
7
Q
what shape and size are inorganic molecules normally?
A
small, simple molecules
8
Q
what shape and size are organic molecules normally?
A
some are small but many are large and complex
9
Q
example for inorganic molecules
A
salts and minerals, h2o and co2
10
Q
examples of organic molecules
A
lipids (fats), protiens, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
11
Q
in organic molecules, what is normally with c and h?
A
o
12
Q
how are carbons written in diagrams?
A
each corner
13
Q
how are hydrogens written in diagrams?
A
black line
14
Q
what are two elements of life?
A
macro and micro elements
15
Q
what are two elements of life?
A
macro and micro elements
16
Q
what are the main elements in macroelements?
A
CHONPS
17
Q
what are macroelements the main component of?
A
macromolecules
18
Q
what are the main elements in microelements?
A
Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu
19
Q
what are microelements usually used for?
A
cofactors for proper enzyme function
20
Q
which element of life is needed in much smaller amounts?
A
micro
21
Q
which element in life is needed in large quantities?
A
macro (found in living things)
22
Q
what is a hydrogen bond?
A
bond between an H and an electronegative atom (o or n)
23
Q
what is an ionic bond?
A
bond between a positively charged ion and negatively charged ion
24
Q
what is a disulfide ion?
A
a covalent bond between 2 S atoms
25
what is the hydrophobic effect?
hydrophobic- hydrophilic interactions
like are attracted to like
phobic - phobic
philic-philic
26
functional group: hydroxyl
R- OH, polar
27
functional group: carbonyl
R- C=O, polar
28
functional group: carboxyl
R- COOH or R-COO-, polar, charged
29
functional group: amino
R-NH2, polar, charged
30
functional group: Sulfhydryl
R-SH, polar
31
functional group: phosphate
R- PO4, polar, charged
32
functional group: sulfate
R-SO4, polar, charged
33
functional group: methyl
R-CH3, nonpolar
34
what elements are normally polar?
N and O
35
will amino groups have both charged and uncharged groups?
yes
36
will carboxyl groups have both charged and uncharged groups?
no- only uncharged
37
what is dehydration synthesis reactions function?
connect subunits together to make a long polymer (remove h2o)
38
what is hydrolysis reactions function?
to break a large polymer into its subunits (add h2o)
39
what are common enzyme reactions?
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
40
which enzyme reaction is this?
2 monomers are connected together with a covalent bond
a molecule of water is produced
dehydration synthesis
41
which enzyme reaction is this?
the covalent bond between 2 subunits are broken
2 smaller molecules are produced
a molecule of water is used up
hydrolysis
42
what are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates: CH2O
lipids: CHO
proteins: CHONS
nucleic acids: CHONP
43
which macromolecules have a set ratio?
carbohydrates- twice as much h as c
44
how many Ps do nucleic acids normally have?
one
45
examples of carbohydrates
sugars and starches
46
example so lipids
fats, oils, steroids
47
examples of protiens
enzymes
48
examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
49
what are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
50
what are disaccharides?
2 sugars connected by a covalent bond
51
types of carbohydrates (simple sugars)
monosaccharides and disaccharides
52
explain dehydration synthesis for sugars
2 simple sugars are combined to form disaccharide
a molecule of water is removed during the reaction
sugars are connected by a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond(sugar bond)
53
what type of energy are mono and disaccharides used for?
quick
54
what are polysaccharides?
long polymer made of sugar units
55
describe the chain of polysaccharides
they can either be straight (unbranched) or branched
56
what are storage polysaccharides?
stored form of energy in the cell
57
what bonds do polysaccharides use?
alpha glycosidic bonds
58
what are examples of storage polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen
59
are storage polysaccharides easily broken?
yes- most organisms can break alpha gylcosidic bonds so these compounds are easily broken down when the cell needs sugar
60
what type of energy is storage polysaccharides used for?
long term energy use
61
what are plants stored carbs?
starch
62
what are animals storage carb?
glycogen
63
what are structural polysaccharides?
structural component of the cell
64
what type of bond are sugars connected by in structural polysaccharides?
beta glycosidic bonds
65
are structural polysaccharides easily broken?
no- most organisms can’t break beta gylocosidic bonds so these compounds are very stable
66
what are examples of structural polysaccharides?
cellulose and chitin
67
which polysaccharide is stored food?
storage
68
what is cellulose used for?
to build cell wall
69
describe cellulose
glucose polymer
straight chain
B glycosidic bonds
70
describe starch
glucose polymer
unbranched or less branched
A glycosidic bonds
71
describe gylcogen
glucose polymer
branched chain
A glycosidic bond
72
what are glycoproteins?
protiens with sugars covalent attached to them
73
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
food/energy
storage
structure
74
function of carbohydrates: food/energy
used to make short term chemical energy used in enzyme reaction
75
function of carbohydrates: storage
stored form of chemical energy to be used later as food
76
function of carbohydrates: structure
structural component of cells, like cell wall, shell/exoskeleton of insects, extracellular matrix of animals (cartilage)
77
subunits are basically
sugars
78
what are protiens made out of?
amino acids
79
what are the groups of amino acids?
amino, carboxyl, R
80
aminos acids start out as which element?
C
81
amino group
NH2 or NH3+
82
what are the types of amino acids?
nonpolar or uncharged
polar charged
polar uncharged
83
what are peptide bonds?
they connect amino acids
84
describe the formation of a peptide bond
2 amino acids are connected together
a molecule of H2O is produced
reaction is dehydration synthesis
85
what is a polypeptide?
chain of amino acids
86
what is the front end of a protein called and have?
N terminus
amino group
87
what is the rear end of a protein called and have?
C terminus
carboxyl group
88
what are the levels of protein structure?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
89
what happens if the protein doesn’t get folded up properly?
it is unusable
90
what is the primary structure?
the sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (very strong)
91
what is the secondary structure?
localized folding of polypeptide chain (interactions between nearby amino acids)
mainly due to H bonds
92
examples of secondary structures
alpha helix
beta sheet
93
what is the tertiary structure?
the final 3d structure of a polypeptide chain
it involves interactions between distant amino acids
94
what protein structure connects the helix to the beta sheet?
tertiary
95
what protein structure do you stop at if it only has one subunit?
tertiary
96
what is the quaternary structure?
interaction between different protein subunits to form whole proteins
only proteins that have more than one e subunit have this
97
Each individual subunit has their own what?
3d shape
98
when is the final 3d shape of a subunit?
tertiary
99
what type of bonds are in the 2,3,4 protein structures?
H bonds
Ionic
Disulfide
Hydrophobic effect
Can de waals force
100
what is protein denaturation?
protiens unfold and no longer function properly
101
what causes protein denaturation?
bonds involved in 3d structure are broken
102
how do you denature h bonds?
changing the ph
103
what are some protein functions?
enzymes, structural, receptor, transport, hormones
104
what are enzymes?
perform chemical reactions
105
what are structural proteins?
build something (collagen or keratin)
106
what are receptor proteins?
involved in communication
107
what are transport protiens?
controls what goes in and out of
108
what are hormones?
a long distance chemical signal and is involved in communication, insulin
109
what are dna and rna?
nucleic acids
110
what are nucleic acids made of?
nucleotides
5 carbon sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base
111
if it has a phosphate it is automatically a
nucleic acid
112
what does rna contain?
the sugar ribose in ribonucleotides (NTPs)
113
what does dna contain?
the sugar deoxyribose in deoxyribosenucleotides (rNTPs)
114
which isn’t stable? dna or rna
rna
115
what are the nitrogenous bases?
purines and pyrimidines
116
what are purines?
nitrogenous base with 2 rings
Adeline and Guanine
117
What are pyrimidines?
nitrogenous bases with only 1 ring
Cytosine, Thymine, and uracile
118
what are the bases in rna?
AGCU
119
what are the bases in dna?
AGCT
120
now are nucleotides on the same strand connected?
phosphodiester bonds
121
what does the first nucleotide have?
5’ phosphate group
122
what does the last nucleotide have?
a 3’ OH
123
what does antiparallel mean?
one strand is flipped 180
124
which is double stranded and has to be antiparalleled?
dna
125
in dna, what are opposite strands making the base pairs going to be connected by?
h bond because it is easily broken so it can unzip an zip back up
126
why do nucleotides need strong bonds?
if not the dna will change
127
what do phosphodiester bonds connect to and make sugar phosphate backbone?
bases in the same strand
128
what are dnas complementary base pairs?
A, T
G,C
129
what do genes code for?
protiens
130
what is single stranded?
rna
131
what is mRNA?
codes for protiens, messenger
132
what is tRNA?
brings aa to ribosome during protein synthesis, transfer
133
what is rRNA?
structural part of ribosome, ribosomal
134
what is snRNA?
in snRNPs and involved in rna splicing, small nuclear
135
what are chemical properties of lipids?
usually large and hydrophobic
136
examples of lipids
fats, oils, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids
137
what are the three lipid types?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
138
what are amphipatjic molecules?
some lipids, have a polar and nonpolar end
139
example of amphipathic lipids
Fatty acids and phospholipids
140
what are triglycerides function?
examples
store energy( think of stored food)
Fats and oils
141
what is the triglyceride structure?
glycerol( a 3c alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chain)
142
what are saturated fats?
solid at room temp (single bonds in fatty acids)
143
what are saturated fats?
solid at room temp (single bonds in fatty acids)
144
what are unsaturated fats?
liquid at room temp (at least one double or triple bond in fatty acids)
145
saturated fats and unsaturated are
triglycerides
146
what is a saturated fatty acid?
only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain, makes a straight molecule that can pack together tightly
147
all 3 fatty acids are saturated
saturated fats
148
has at least one unsaturated fatty acid
unsaturated fats
149
what is a unsaturated fatty acid?
has at least one double or triple bond, add kink in molecules
150
what is butter and cooking oil?
sat
Unsat
151
what are phospholipids function?
component of membrane= phospholipid bilayer
152
what are the two ends of a phospholipid?
charged and uncharged
153
what is the phospholipid structure?
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, polar headgroup (small organic molecule) (charged or partially charged)
154
why do phospholipids assemble in a bilayer?
the hydrophobic effect
the hydrophobic tails face each other and the heads are exposed to water
155
how are the tails arranged in a phospholipid?
hydrophobic parts are tail to tail in the middle of the membrane
156
how are the hydrophilic parts assembled on a phospholipid?
on the outer and inner surface of membrane
157
what is a steroids structure?
4 characteristic rings + side chain
158
what is the function of steroids?
component of membrane, hormones
159
steroids are a
lipid
160
what are some sex hormones?
steroids
161
Lipid function: membrane structure
phospholipids, cholesterol (a steroid)
162
Lipid function: energy store
triglycerides (fats and oils)
163
Lipid function: hormones
steroids
164
Lipid function: pigments
chlorophyll, carotene
165
which structure connects nearby AA and which one is distant?
secondary
tertiary
166
What is organic chemistry?
the beach of chemistry that focuses on the study of carbon containing compounds, analyzing their structure, properties, reactions, and compositions
