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BIO 1200 > Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

(125 cards)

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1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A

every cell comes from a preexisting cell

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2
Q

what is the smallest unit of life?

A

the cell

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3
Q

what are all living things made of?

A

cells

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4
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA

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5
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

separates the living part of a cell from the non-living environment

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6
Q

what are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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7
Q

what are the nucleus types in the types of cells?

A

pro- no membrane bound nucleus
euk- true nucleus

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8
Q

What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotes?

A

it is located in the nucleoid, a region of the cytoplasm
it is one large piece of circular DNA
it is naked so it only has a few proteins bound to it (no hisones)
there is no membrane around the DNA

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9
Q

no membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

no complex internal membranes (no ER or golgi)

A

prokaryotes

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11
Q

small 79S ribosomes

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

most have a cell wall

A

prokaryotes

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13
Q

reproduce only by binary fission

A

prokaryotes

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14
Q

some genetic recombination, but rare

A

prokaryotes

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15
Q

what are the kingdoms and domains for prokaryotic cells?

A

kingdom monera
Domain bacteria
Domain archaea

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16
Q

what does the domain bacteria contain?

A

eubacteria and the Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic)

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17
Q

what does the domain archaea contain?

A

archaebacteria (halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens)

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18
Q

what is the structure of DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

contains a true nucleus with a double membrane
linear DNA arranged in chromosomes
DNA is chromatin- DNA + many proteins

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19
Q

contains many membrane bound organelles

A

eukaryotes

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20
Q

complex internal membranes present: ER and golgi

A

eukaryotes

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21
Q

large 80S ribosomes

A

eukaryotes

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22
Q

binary fission or asexual reproduction (little or no genetic recombination)
sexual reproduction (lots of genetic recombination)

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

what domains and kingdoms do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Domain eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom fungi
Kingdom plantae
Kingdom animalia

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24
Q

what are kingdoms together if they are very different from each other?

A

their cell structure is similar to

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25
what are kingdom protistas?
single cell organisms
26
what is the plasma membranes function in organelles?
regulates entry into and out of the cell
27
what is the structure of the plasma membrane known as organelles?
phospholipid bilayer with proteins attached and embedded in it 50-50
28
which organelles are surrounded by a double membrane in a organelle?
nucleus (2 lipid bilayer) mitochondria chloroplast
29
what is the brain of the cell?
nucleus
30
what is the structure of the nucleus?
double membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus, DNA in chromatin
31
what is the function of the nucleus?
stores DNA DNA replication RNA synthesis
32
what are nuclear pores?
controls what goes in and out of the cell
33
True or false anything involving DNA has to take place in the nucleus because it can’t leave
True
34
When is the c chromosome in that shape?
when it divides
35
what is the cellular energy generator?
mitochondria
36
what is the cristae?
folded inner membrane, site of electron transport chain
37
what is the mitochondrial matrix?
liquid part, contains Krebs cycle, DNA, and ribosomes
38
what is the function of the mitochondria?
cellular respiration ( produces atp to produce energy) (aerobic respiration breaks down sugars to produce atp)
39
is the mitochondria semiautonomous?
yes
40
what is the solar generator?
chloroplast
41
what are thylakoids?
green photosynthetic membrane (chlorophyll, light reactions)
42
what is the stroma?
liquid part, contains Calvin cycle, DNA, ribosomes
43
what are grana (granums)
stacks of thylakoids
44
what is the function of chloroplast?
photosynthesis, make sugars
45
how many membranes does chloroplast have?
2
46
liquid part of chloroplast liquid part of mitochondria
stroma matrix
47
is the chloroplast semiautonomous?
yes
48
what is the endosymbiont theory?
mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during the evolution of eukaryotic cells
49
what is the evidence for endosymboint theory?
mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria are similar sizes - all have prokaryotic DNA (circular and prokaryotic gene structure) all have prokaryotic 60S ribosomes
50
what contains circular dna, prokaryotic gene structure, and small 60S ribosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
51
where did the mitochondria originate from?
purple nonsulfur bacteria (aerobic, heterotrophic cells)
52
what is the advantage of mitochondria’s?
aerobic respiration produces much more energy (atp) than prokaryotes
53
what is the advantage of mitochondria’s?
aerobic respiration produces much more energy (atp) than prokaryotes
54
where did chloroplast originate from?
Cyanobacteria (autotrophic cells)
55
what is the advantage of chloroplasts?
cells can produce its own sugar by photosynthesis
56
are the mitochondria and chloroplasts free living?
no but they used to be
57
what organelle is bound by a single membrane?
vacuole perixisomes lysosomes
58
what is a vacuole?
storage and breakdown of substances, turgid pressure in plants
59
when a plant is dehydrated, where does it lose its water from?
Vacuole
60
what are perixisomes?
break down peroxide
61
what are lysosomes?
use acid hydrolysis to break down macromolecules (p, l, na, c)
62
what is the cells stomach
lysosomes
63
what do lysosomes contain?
digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, nutrients and cell parts so they can be used and recycled in the cell
64
where do vesicles transport substances to be broken down at?
Lysosomes
65
what are ribosomes structure?
large subunit and small subunit made of 50% rRNA and 50% protein (no membrane)
66
what is the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis
67
what is the location of ribosomes?
cytoplasm and rough ER
68
what is in the endomembrane system?
smooth ER rough ER golgi vesicles lysosomes
69
endomembrane system is where in the cell
In
70
what is the structure of the smooth ER
tubular sheets of membranes continuous with rough ER, no ribosomes
71
what is the function of the smooth ER?
lipid and membrane synthesis- main function Ca++ storage - muscle cells detoxification - liver cells carbohydrate metabolism
72
what is the structure of the rough ER?
sheets of membrane, contains ribosomes on surface is continuous with nuclear membrane
73
what is the function of the rough ER?
protein synthesis insertion (embedded) of proteins into membrane gulcosylation: add sugars to certain proteins
74
what is the packaging and shipping center?
Golgi
75
what is the structure of the Golgi?
stacks of membranes
76
what is the lumen of the golgi?
area enclosed by Golgi membrane
77
what way do the ends of the Golgi face?
One faces rough ER and other faces plasma membrane
78
where are proteins in the Golgi received from?
Rough ER
79
in the Golgi are proteins modified
yes : sugars are attached to proteins (glycoaylation) different chemical reactions take place in each stack so proteins are modified
80
what happens to proteins in the Golgi?
sorted based on tags packed into vesicles depending on where they go sent to their final location in the cell
81
what are vesicles?
small membrane sacs that transport substances between membranes or organelles
82
proteins made in the rough ER are sent to the
golgi
83
where is the ER lumen?
the area inside of the tube which is formed by the er membrane
84
proteins in the lumen of the ER are packed in
Vesicles
85
protein sorting in Golgi where are proteins sent
Plasma membrane or lysosomes
86
what is intracellular transport?
proteins being sent and moved
87
what is the cytoskeleton?
network of molecules inside the cell
88
what is the cytoskeleton composed of?
actin filaments Intermediate filaments microtubules
89
what is the function of cytoskeleton?
gives structure to the cell and organelles Involved in intracellular transport Involved in cell movement
90
what are actin filaments?
made of actin, a long fibrous protein
91
where is actin usually found?
beneath plasma membrane and it gives shape to the cell
92
what is actin involved in?
cell movement
93
what are intermediate filaments?
are very strong and form a general scaffold inside the cell
94
can many different proteins form intermediate filaments?
ysa
95
what are microtubules?
hollow tubes made of tubular proteins spindle fibers
96
what are microtubules involved in?
intracellular movement
97
what are microtubules components of?
flagella
98
what is intracellular movements?
track: microtubules motor proteins: walks along track, carries cargo cargo: vesicle, chromosome
99
what do motor proteins do?
tow vesicles along the microtubule highway in cytoskeleton It uses atp everytime it steps
100
what do cilia and flagella contain?
microtubules
101
what do cilia and flagella move?
cell through liquid air or water across a surface
102
size of cilia?
short and a ton of them
103
size of flagella?
longer and only a couple
104
what are cilia and flagella covered by?
plasma membrane
105
what is cilia and flagella’s inner core?
microtubules
106
what is a cell wall?
gives structure to cell not a barrier so anything can go in and out
107
where are cell walls located
outside of plasma membrane
108
what is middle lamella?
glue some cell to adjacent cell
109
what cells don’t have a cell wall
animal
110
what is the cell wall composed of?
cellulose Protein Sugars
111
what is the middle lamella made of?
calcium pectate/pectin
112
where is the animal extracellular matrix located? ECM
outside of plasma membrane
113
what is the animal ECM made of?
proteins and carbohydrates (proteoglycan)
114
why are plants more like animal cells?
both are eukaryotic, so are more alike than bacteria they have the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell
115
plant eukaryotic cells contain
Nucleus, linear dna in chromosomes, chromatin, mitochondria and other organelles, large 80s ribosomes, RER, SER, Golgi, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane
116
what structures are only in plant cells?
cell wall chloroplast large central vacuole (start little but fuse together)
117
what structures are found in all plant cells?
cell wall, mitochondria chloroplast (only in some cells in green photosynthetic tissue, not roots, stems, flowers), large central vacuoles (only in mature cells not young dividing cells), and plasmodesmata
118
what is plasmodestmata?
cytoplasmic connections between cells how cells communicate
119
do all plant cells have lysosome?
120
What are sorting signals?
short amino acid sequences that direct where proteins go
121
where is cholesterol with the cell?
near the fatty acid tails
122
What is mosaic, semipermeable, fluid, sided?
Membrane
123
which cell? vacuoles
Plant and animal
124
which cell? peroxisomes
Plant and animals
125
Lysosomes
Plant and animal

BIO 1200 (17 decks)

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