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BIO 1200 > Chapter 9: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cell Communication Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

cells detect and respond to signals in the

A

extracellular environment

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2
Q

signals coordinate activities in a

A

multicellular organisms

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3
Q

when a signal binds to a receptor:
the conformation
leads to

A

the conformation of the receptor changes
this leads to a response inside the cell

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4
Q

apoptosis

A

(programmed cell death)
signals can even intentionally cause a cell to die

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5
Q

cells respond to a changing environment so when glucose is present yeast cells make

A

more glucose transporters to bring glucose into cell

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6
Q

cells communicate with

A

each other and the environment

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7
Q

phototropism in plants
environmental signal:
auxin
response

A

blue light
auxin (hormone, cellular signal) moves to shaded part of plant stem and causes cells in shaded side of stem to elongate
stem bends towards light

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8
Q

hi amounts of auxin on

A

shaded part

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9
Q

types of cell signaling are

A

direct intracellular
contact direct signaling
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

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10
Q

the type of cell signaling is determined by

A

whether contact between cells occurs and if the signal molecule is a short or long distance signal

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11
Q

direct intracellular signaling

A

cell junctions allow signaling molecules to pass from one cell to another through gap junctions
example: Electrical signaling in cardiac muscle

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12
Q

contact dependent signaling

A

molecules bound to the surface of cells serve as signals to cells coming in contact with them
example: neutron growth in the brain and in the immune system, natural killer cells can distinguish between healthy self cells and foreign cells (pathogen) based on antigens on the cell surface

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13
Q

autocrine signaling

A

cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface and nearby cells (self)
regulates their own growth and also growth of neighboring cells
example: cell density limits cell growth (contact inhibition)- normal cells stop growing when they contact each other and form one orderly layer of cells but cancer cells don’t stop growing in contact and make unorganized clumps of cells, tumors
short distance signals

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14
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signal does not affect cell that produces it, but only affects neighboring cells
example: nuerotransmitter, signal from nerve cells and local mediators, growth factors
short distance signals

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15
Q

endocrine signaling

A

signals call hormones travel long distances and are usually longer lasting in effect
hormone travels through blood
long distance

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16
Q

only cells that have ___ can respond to the signal

A

correct receptor

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17
Q

target cells

A

cells that have a receptor for a signal/ hormone

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18
Q

the signal / hormone and its receptor have

A

complementary shapes (lock and key)

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19
Q

types of signal molecules

A

hormones: endocrine signal
local mediators: autocrine and paracrine
neurotransmitter: paracrine

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20
Q

hormones are secreted by
produced in
signal

A

endocrine cells into blood
one tissue, act in a different tissue
long distance

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21
Q

local mediators are secreted into
act on
signal

A

extracellular fluid
neighboring cells
short distance

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22
Q

neurotransmitters are released from
communication between
signal

A

nerve cells at synapse
nerve to nerve cell or nerve to muscle cell
short distance

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23
Q

when a signal molecule binds to its receptors it causes
different signal molecules have
signal binds to receptor->

A

a response in the target cell
different types of receptors
response

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24
Q

hydrophilic signal molecules are __ receptors
description

Study These Flashcards
A

cell surface
can’t pass through pm
signal binding domain on exterior pm
most protein hormones (insulin)
neurotransmitters
local mediators

25
hydrophobic signal molecules are __ receptors description
intracellular passes through pm enters the cell and binds to the receptor in cytoplasm / nucleus most steroid hormones (estrogen, cortisol) hydrophobic protein hormones signal receptor complex moves into the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor to turn genes on and off
26
types of receptors found
catalytic receptors (receptor + enzyme) ion channel receptors (receptor + ion channel) G protein linked (3 part system) found on the cell surface -> signal binds on external side of plasma membrane
27
catalytic receptors function receptors enzyme
dual function signal binding domain in external side pm catalytic domain (tyrosine kinase activity) on cytoplasmic side of pm
28
catalytic receptor: EGF receptor signal activated receptor -> _=
EGF - epidermal growth factor signal binding activates enzyme portion of receptor activated receptor -> response=cell division
29
growth factors control
the cell cycle and cell division
30
ion channel linked receptors have ___ function and they are
dual 1) receptor: signal binding domain on external side of pm 2) ion channel: binding of signal controls opening of channel (ligand-gated ion channel)
31
when the signal binds to the receptor the ion channel __ and the __ __ the cell
opens ions enter
32
Ion channel linked receptor: muscle contraction process
1) nerve cell releases neurotransmitters 2) acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) binds to its receptor on pm of muscle cell 3) acetylcholine receptor is a ligand gated ion channel. Binding of acetylcholine to receptor opens the ion channel 4) Na+ enters the muscle cell through the acetylcholine receptor 5) increase in Ana+ ->> muscle contraction
33
Ion channel linked receptor: muscle contraction Nerve cell releases __ and then they bind to its ___ and __ Na+ channel. __ enters the muscle cell ->>> ___
neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) receptor in muscle cell opens Na+ muscle contracts
34
G-protein linked receptors is a __ system and they are
3 1) receptor in pm (inactive-> active) 2) G protein in pm (inactive-> active) 3) target enzyme in pm (usually inactive-> active)
35
signal transduction pathway
signal activates receptor activates G protein activates target enzyme (pm) produce second messenger target proteins (cytoplasm/nucleus) response
36
Three stages of cell signaling are
receptor activation signal transduction cellular response
37
Receptor activation signals respond
signaling molecule binds to receptor signal=1* messenger=ligand cell can respond to signal only if it has a receptor
38
cell signaling pathway
signal-> receptor-> 2nd messenger-> response-> enzyme activation, changes in gene expression
39
signal transduction
activated receptor stimulates a sequence of changes- a signal transduction pathway signal binds to receptor usually on external side of pm signal transmitted from pm to interior of cell (activate/inactive cytoplasmic enzymes, may involve a phosphorylation cascade, turn on/off genes involves second messengers and they turn on and off key enzymes: cAMP, Ca++, calmodulin, IP3, DAG result is cellular response to a signal
40
fast cell signaling slow
activation or inactivation of existing enzymes synthesis of new enzymes
41
enzymes are regulated by
phosphorylation and dephoshorylation kinase: adds a phosphate to a protein phosphatase: removes a phosphate from a protein cycles of +P/-P regulates enzyme activity
42
phosphorylation
changes the shape of an enzyme some enzymes are activated and others are inactivated when phosphorylated
43
amplification of the signals
1 hormone activates 1 receptor 1 receptor activates many G proteins 1 G protein activates 1 target enzyme 1 target enzyme produces 1000s cAMP 1 cAMP activates 1 protein kinase A 1 protein kinase A activated 1000 enzymes result -l1 hormone molecules produces very large response in cell
44
a signal may produce… why?
different responses in different cell types signal binds to receptor and the receptor activation will have different effects depending on which target enzymes are expressed in a cell type
45
signal producing different responses example of epinephrine
glycogen breakdown in muscle, liver Fatty acid production in adipose increased heart rate, blood pressure in cardiovascular system increase breathing rate
46
fight or flight response when an animal is in dance what happens
make as much atp as possible (use stored energy for muscle contraction increase blood flow to heat and muscles, increase circulation to extremities, widen air ways, increase breathing rate Reduce blood flow to skin, kidneys and digestive system to allow most of blood to crucial organs
47
apoptosis
controlled cell death kill old damaged or disease cells remove webbing between toes and fingers prune neurons as infant brain matures
48
if cells that should die by apoptosis live too long->
cancer
49
types of cell death
necrosis- occurs after sever tissue injury (swelling and rupture of cells) apoptosis- controlled cell death (series of events that leads to dismantling of cell contents. Must kill cell but need to prevent the release of digestive enzymes that would damage adjacent cells)
50
why would you use apoptosis?
To kill a specific cell that may have damaged dna for example
51
Steps in apoptosis
1) chromosomes condense and accumulate near edge of nucleus 2) volume of cytoplasm decreases 3) cell produces blobs 4) nucleus and organelles fragment 5) DNA cut into small pieces by apoptosis specific DNAase 6) accumulation of certain lipids in outer leaflet of pm= eat me signal or phagocytic cells 7) cell fragments into apoptotic bodies
52
final stage of apoptosis
cell fragments are destroyed by a phagocytic white blood cell
53
Triggers of apoptosis
Cell death signals (cascade 3= executioner caspace, triggers apoptosis) withdrawal of survival factors (mitochondria) (survival factor= anti apoptosic proteins) release of cytochrome c from mitochondria extensive dna damage
54
Cancer normal growth
balance between cell division and apoptosis (death of damaged cells)
55
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth increase cell division (presence of oncogene) prevent apoptosis (absence of a tumor suppressor gene)
56
Causes of cancer
cells with damaged /mutated dna keep dividing - under express genes for apoptosis / prevent cell division - over express genes that trigger cell division - under express genes for dna repair
57
different cancers have different
chromosomal abnormalities
58
Prostate cancer cells
Many tetraploid chromosomes chromosome 8 chromosome 2: TRPM8
59
HeLa cell karyotype
from cervical cancer usually 82 chromosomes

BIO 1200 (17 decks)

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