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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 12: Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous tissue Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

This system communicates by means of hormones secreted into the blood.

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

This system employs neurons to quickly send messages from cell to cell by electrical and chemical means.

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of the nervous system?

A
  1. Receives info about changes in body and external stimuli, transmits messages to CNS
  2. CNS processes info and determines what response
  3. CNS issues commands primarily to muscle/gland cells
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4
Q

What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System CNS
  2. Peripheral Nervous System PNS
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5
Q

This nervous system subdivision consists of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System CNS

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6
Q

Nervous system that is composed of nerves and ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System PNS

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7
Q

A knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of PNS neurons are concentrated.

A

Ganglion

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8
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Sensory division
  2. Motor division
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9
Q

This division of PNS carries signals from various receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory afferent division

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10
Q

This division of PNS carries signals from the CNS mainly to gland and muscle cells that carry out the muscle’s responses.

A

Motor efferent division

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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the sensory afferent division?

A
  1. Somatic sensory division
  2. visceral sensory division
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12
Q

The somatic sensory division carries signals from where into the CNS?

A

From receptors in:
Skin
Muscles
Bones
Joints

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13
Q

The visceral sensory division carries signals from where into CNS?

A

From viscera of :
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity

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14
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the motor efferent division?

A
  1. somatic motor division
  2. visceral motor division
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15
Q

The somatic motor division carries signals away from CNS to where?

A

Skeletal muscles

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16
Q

The visceral motor division carries signals away from CNS to where?

A

Glands
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are the 3 fundamental physiological properties of neurons? ECS

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion

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18
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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19
Q

These neurons are specialized to detect stimuli such as light, heat, pressure, and chemicals and transmit info about them to CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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20
Q

These neurons lie within CNS and they process, store, retrieve information, and make decisions that determine how body responds.

A

Interneurons

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21
Q

Majority of neurons are which functional class of neurons?

A

Interneurons

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22
Q

These neurons send signals to muscle and gland cells.

A

Motor neurons

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23
Q

The control center of the neuron which contains the nucleus and nucleolus is called the __________.

A

Cell body

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24
Q

These are part of structure of neuron. Resemble bare branches of a tree in winter. They are primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons.

25
Part of structure of neuron in which is cylindrical in shape and is specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals.
Axon
26
Axons are surrounded by what and contain which kind of cell in each internal segment?
Myelin sheath Schwann cell
27
There are approximately how many neurons in the adult brain? What are supportive cells called?
86 billion neuroglia; glial cells
28
What are the 6 different types of neuroglia? OEMASS
Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia Astrocytes Schwann cells Satellite Cells
29
This type of neuroglia form myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendrocytes
30
This type of neuroglia lines ventricles of brain, resemble cuboidal epithelium, and secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Ependymal cells
31
This type of neuroglia are small macrophages that develop from white blood. They phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue.
Microglia
32
This type of neuroglia is the most important cell of the CNS.
Astrocytes
33
This type of neuroglia: -form supportive framework for nervous tissue -form blood-brain barrier -meet changing needs for oxygen and nutrients in brain -convert blood glucose to lactate and supply this to neurons for nourishment -form hardened scar tissue and fill up empty spaces when neurons are damaged.
Astrocytes
34
Cells in central nervous system DO NOT _________.
regenerate
35
When neurons are damaged, astrocytes form hardened scar tissue and eventually fill space formerly occupied by the neurons, this process is called __________.
Astrocytosis or sclerosis
36
Which 2 types of neuroglia are found in the peripheral nervous system only?
Schwann cells Satellite cells
37
This type of neuroglia form around all PNS axons and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerves.
Schwann cells
38
This type of neuroglia surrounds cell bodies of neurons in ganglia; provide insulation around cell body and regulate chemical environment of neurons.
Satellite Cells
39
Brain tumors are called __________.
Gliomas
40
Most adult brain tumors are composed of ___________.
Glial cells
41
These are spiral layers of insulation around an axon formed by Schwann cells in PNS and Oligodendrocytes in CNS.
Myelin sheath
42
This is the production of the myelin sheath that begins at 14th week of fetal development.
Myelination
42
Myelin does what for nerve signals traveling through axons?
Speeds them up
43
What are two diseases of the Myelin sheath?
Multiple Sclerosis Tay-Sachs disease
44
This disease is the abnormal accumulation of a glycolipid called ganglioside in myelin sheath. It disrupts the conduction of nerve signals and victim suffers blindness, loss of coordination, and dementia.
Tay-Sachs disease
45
Disease in which the oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of CNS deteriorate and are replaced by hardened scar tissue. Nerve conduction disrupted, causing double vision, blindness, speech defects, neurosis, tremors, or numbness.
Multiple sclerosis
46
For nerves of the PNS to regenerate, what must still be intact and remaining ?
Cell body must still be intact Neurolemma, some must still remain
47
Cells in CNS __________ regenerate. Cells in PNS ___________ regenerate.
DO NOT DO
48
Thick outermost coil that contains Schwann cell nucleus and most of its cytoplasm.
Neurolemma
49
Molecules that are synthesized by a neuron, released when a nerve cell reaches an axon terminal, and have a specific effect on receiving cell's physiology.
Neurotransmitter
50
This neurotransmitter is found in neuromuscular junctions, most synapses of the autonomic nervous system, retina, and many parts of the brain.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
51
This neurotransmitter is found in Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, occipital lobes of cerebrum, and retina.
GABA
52
This neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle, inhibits cardiac muscle, and has excitatory or inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and glands depending on location.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
53
This neurotransmitter is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
GABA
54
What are 3 different kinds of synapses with different modes of action? E-C, I-G, E-A
Excitatory Cholinergic synapse Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse Excitatory Adrenergic synapse
55
A synapse that employs acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter and excites some postsynaptic cells such as skeletal muscle and inhibits others such as cardiac muscle.
Excitatory cholinergic synapse
56
Synapse that employs y-aminobutyric acid as neurotransmitter and has chloride channels as receptors.Chloride enters cell and makes inside even more negative than resting membrane potential.
Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse
57
Synapse that employs the neurotransmitter norepinephrine also called noradrenaline.
Excitatory adrenergic synapse

Anatomy & Physiology I (13 decks)

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