Chapter 12- Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

A

social psychology

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2
Q

the tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation

A

fundamental attribution error

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3
Q

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

A

attitude

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4
Q

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

A

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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5
Q

a set of expectations about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

role

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6
Q

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don’t match

A

cognitive dissonance theory

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7
Q

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

A

conformity

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8
Q

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior in a given group

A

norm

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9
Q

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

A

social facilitation

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10
Q

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

A

social loafing

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11
Q

the loss of self- awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

A

deindividuation

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12
Q

strengthening of a group’s preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group

A

group polarization

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13
Q

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

A

groupthink

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14
Q

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

A

prejudice

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15
Q

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

A

stereotype

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16
Q

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

A

discrimination

17
Q

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

A

just-world phenomenon

18
Q

“us”— people with whom we share a common identity

A

ingroup

19
Q

“them”— those perceived as different or apart from our group

A

outgroup

20
Q

the tendency to favor our own group

A

ingroup bias

21
Q

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

A

scapegoat theory

22
Q

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

A

other-race effect

23
Q

any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

A

aggression

24
Q

the principle that frustration— the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal— creates anger, which can generate aggression

A

frustration- aggression principle

25
Q

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

A

social script

26
Q

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

A

mere exposure effect

27
Q

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

A

passionate love

28
Q

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

A

companionate love

29
Q

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

A

equity

30
Q

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

A

self-disclosure

31
Q

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

A

altruism

32
Q

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others bystanders are present

A

bystander effect

33
Q

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

A

reciprocity norm

34
Q

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

A

social- responsibility norm

35
Q

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

A

conflict

36
Q

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

A

mirror-image perceptions

37
Q

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

A

superordinate goals