Chapter 6- Learning

Question 1

Tendency, after conditioning, to responding similarly to stimuli that resemble conditioned stimulus

Answer 1

Stimulus Generalization

Question 2

Tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviors for which others are being rewarded.

Answer 2

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 3

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 3

Modeling

Question 4

A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Answer 4

Conditioned response

Question 5

Early childhood environments with high levels of aggression, TV, and videos are powerful sources of observational learning and can have “____” effects

Answer 5

antisocial

Question 6

Increased behaviors by presenting pleasant stimuli (rewards)

Answer 6

Positive Reinforcement

Question 7

Punished behavior suppressed; punishing behavior is reinforced. Generalization occurs and fear is taught. Aggression can be increased by modeling

Answer 7

Major drawbacks of physical punishment

Question 8

Learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 8

Latent learning

Question 9

A type of learning that facilitates learning from others’ experiences. This is another form of cognitive learning

Answer 9

Observational learning

Question 10

A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli to anticipate events

Answer 10

Classical conditioning

Question 11

A type of reinforcement schedule that reinforces behavior after a specific number of responses

Answer 11

Fixed-ratio Schedules

Question 12

A mental image of the layout of one’s environment

Answer 12

Cognitive Map

Question 13

A type of learning where we associate a response and its consequence

Answer 13

Operant Conditioning

Question 14

According to Bandura, modeling can have both antisocial and “_____” effects

Answer 14

Prosocial

Question 15

A type of reinforcer that is unlearned; innate

Answer 15

Primary Reinforcer

Question 16

A type of reinforcement schedule that reinforces behavior after an unpredictable period of time

Answer 16

Variable-interval Schedules

Question 17

A type of reinforcement schedule that reinforces behavior after a fixed time period

Answer 17

Fixed-interval Schedules

Question 18

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Answer 18

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 19

A type of reinforcer that have immediate rewards

Answer 19

Immediate Reinforcers

Question 20

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Answer 20

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 21

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 21

Conditioned stimulus

Question 22

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 22

Unconditioned response

Question 23

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 23

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 24

A type of reinforcer that are learned associations with primary reinforcers

Answer 24

Conditioned Reinforcers (Secondary)

Question 25

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Answer 25

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

Desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid a punishment

Answer 26

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 27

A stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning

Answer 27

Neutral stimulus

Question 28

An addition of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Answer 28

Positive punishment

Question 29

Pavlov and his associates explored 5 processes

Answer 29

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization and discrimination

Question 30

The weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Answer 30

Extinction

Question 31

A removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Answer 31

Negative punishment

Question 32

A method of varying and influencing our learning by timing reinforcements

Answer 32

Reinforcement Schedule

Question 33

Where a response is first established in learning. In classical conditioning, this is when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response

Answer 33

Acquisition

Question 34

A type of reinforcement good for behavior mastery and where extinction can occur quickly

Answer 34

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 35

Learning that certain events occur together

Answer 35

Associative learning

Question 36

Acquisition of mental information that guides our behavior

Answer 36

Cognitive learning

Question 37

A method of decreasing behavior

Answer 37

Punishment

Question 38

Increased behaviors by stopping or reducing an unpleasant stimuli

Answer 38

Negative Reinforcement

Question 39

A type of reinforcement schedule that reinforces behavior after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 39

Variable-ratio Schedules