Chapter 8- Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem.

Answer 3

Algorithm

Question 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows you to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

Answer 4

Heuristic

Question 5

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy- based solutions

Answer 5

Insight

Question 6

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them

Answer 6

Confirmation bias

Question 7

The inability to see a problem form a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

Answer 7

Fixation

Question 8

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Answer 8

Intuition

Question 9

Judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory; if an event comes readily to mind (perhaps because it was vivid), we assume it must be common

Answer 9

Availability heuristic

Question 10

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Answer 10

Overconfidence

Question 11

Clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrong

Answer 11

Belief perseverance

Question 12

The way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Answer 12

Framing

Question 13

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Answer 13

Creativity

Question 14

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 14

Convergent thinking

Question 15

Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).

Answer 15

Divergent thinking

Question 16

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Answer 16

Language

Question 17

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 17

Babbling stage

Question 18

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 18

One- word stage

Question 19

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two- word statements

Answer 19

Two word stage

Question 20

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- “go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs

Answer 20

Telegraphic speech

Question 21

In a specific language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 21

Grammar

Question 22

Controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Answer 22

Broca’s area

Question 23

Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Answer 23

Wernicke’s area

Question 24

Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Answer 24

Intelligence

Question 25

A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearmen and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Answer 25

General intelligence

Question 26

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptionally specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Answer 26

Savant syndrome

Question 27

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Answer 27

Emotional intelligence

Question 28

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Benet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. thus, a child who does as well as an average 8 year old is said to have a mental age of 8

Answer 28

Mental age

Question 29

The widely used American revision (by Terman at Standford University) of Binet's orginal intelligence test

Answer 29

Standford- Binet

Question 30

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ= ma/ca X 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Answer 30

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 31

The most widely use intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

Answer 31

Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Question 32

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Answer 32

Standardization

Question 33

The bell-shape curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Answer 33

Normal curve

Question 34

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

Answer 34

Reliability

Question 35

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 35

Validity

Question 36

The portion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the population and the environment

Answer 36

Heritability

Question 37

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 37

Cross-sectional study

Question 38

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 38

Longitudinal study

Question 39

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Answer 39

Crystallized intelligence

Question 40

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Answer 40

Fluid intelligence

Question 41

A self-confirming concern that we will be judged based on a negative stereotype

Answer 41

Stereotype threat

Question 42

Decisions based on stereotypes or how similar something or someone is to something we already know about

Answer 42

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 43

Mental image or best example of a category

Answer 43

Prototypes

Question 44

Intelligence consists of multiple abilities that come in different packages

Answer 44

Gardner's 8 intelligences

Question 45

Naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, musical, bodily-kinesthetic and spatial

Answer 45

Gardner's 8 intelligences

Question 46

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

Answer 46

Sternberg's 3 intelligences

Question 47

Individuals with severe intellectual deficits but exceptional abilities in some cognitive area

Answer 47

Savants

Question 48

Method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

Answer 48

Intelligence test

Question 49

Test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Answer 49

Aptitude test

Question 50

Test designed to assess what a person has learned

Answer 50

Achievement test

Question 51

Was the test standardized? Was the test reliable? Was the test valid?

Answer 51

3 tests of a "good" test

Question 52

Are gender differences in intelligence test scores minor?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

Do social expectations and opportunities matter?

Answer 53

Yes

Question 54

Is there little or a great gender math gap found in gender-equal cultures?

Answer 54

Little

Question 55

Races are more "____" than different

Answer 55

Alike

Question 56

Is it possible to conclude that race has any bearing on intelligence?

Answer 56

It is impossible