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General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced > Chapter 2- The Biology of Mind and Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 2- The Biology of Mind and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron

A

Synapse

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3
Q

Neuron that carries incoming information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system

A

Sensory neuron

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4
Q

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

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5
Q

Posterior part of the brain that deals with a automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

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6
Q

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

Insomnia

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7
Q

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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8
Q

Neurotransmitter that deals with mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

A

Serotonin

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9
Q

Cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes; registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

A

Somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

Part of the brain that deals with emotion

A

Amygdala

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11
Q

Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

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12
Q

Neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Sleep disorder in which a person has uncontrollable sleep attacks, sometimes lapsing directly into REM sleep

A

Narcolepsy

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14
Q

A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

A

Biological psychology

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15
Q

Hearing

A

Temporal lobe

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16
Q

Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

A

Dream

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17
Q

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

Nervous systems

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18
Q

Failure to notice changes when our attention is disrupted

A

Change blindness

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19
Q

False sensory experience, such as hearing something in the absence of an external auditory stimulus

A

Hallucination

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20
Q

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity. These show brain function

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

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21
Q

The brain and spinal cord makes up the

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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22
Q

The gap between two neurons

A

Synapse

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23
Q

A nerve impulse

A

Action potential

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24
Q

Directs sensory messages

A

thalamus

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25
Q

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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26
Q

Part of the brain that deals with planning and producing of movement

A

Basal ganglia

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27
Q

Failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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28
Q

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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29
Q

Failure to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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30
Q

A sleep disorder in which a sleeping person repeated stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath

A

Sleep apnea

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31
Q

Chemical, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that depresses neuron activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

Opiate

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32
Q

Thinking

A

Frontal lobe

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33
Q

Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

A

Alpha waves

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34
Q

Failure to notice changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

35
Q

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

A

Manifest content

36
Q

Peripheral nervous system division controlling the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

37
Q

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

38
Q

Neurotransmitter that affects arousal and alertness

A

Norepinephrine

39
Q

Cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements

A

Motor cortex

40
Q

Touch

A

Parietal lobe

41
Q

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

42
Q

Area of the brain that is dominated by neurons’ cell bodies

A

Gray matter

43
Q

Cerebral cortex areas involved primarily in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

A

Association areas

44
Q

The sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

45
Q

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

Plasticity

46
Q

Internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

A

Circadian rhythm

47
Q

Most influential endocrine gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

48
Q

Neuron that carries outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

A

Motor neuron

49
Q

Neurotransmitter that enables muscle action

A

Acetylcholine

50
Q

Area of the brain that consists mostly of axons and fatty myelin sheaths that surround them

A

White matter

51
Q

Neuron extension that sends messages to other neurons or cells

A

Axon

52
Q

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

A

endorphins

53
Q

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system

A

Endocrine

54
Q

Bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

Nerves

55
Q

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord; communicate internally and process information between sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneuron

56
Q

Condition in which the brain’s two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers of the corpus callosum

A

Split brain

57
Q

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

Sleep

58
Q

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

A

Limbic system

59
Q

Neurotransmitter that deals with movement, learning and attention

A

Dopamine

60
Q

Information- processing center

A

Cerebral cortex

61
Q

Neuron-produced chemicals that cross synapse to carry messages to other neurons or cells

A

Neurotransmitters

62
Q

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

A

Glial cells

63
Q

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

A

Sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

Peripheral nervous system division controlling the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart).

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

65
Q

Formation of new neurons

A

Neurogenesis

66
Q

A view of brain activity showing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

67
Q

Certain hemisphere of the brain that is dominant for spatial relationships

A

Right hemisphere

68
Q

A neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing

A

All-or-nothing response

69
Q

The part of the brain that controls the heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

70
Q

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

A

Latent content

71
Q

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

Delta waves

72
Q

Neurotransmitter that inhibits

A

GABA

73
Q

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissues

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

74
Q

Neurotransmitter that excites

A

Glutamate

75
Q

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

Consciousness

76
Q

Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

Corpus callosum

77
Q

Device that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface

A

EEG (electroencephalograph)

78
Q

Vision

A

Occipital lobe

79
Q

Directs maintenance activities

A

Hypothalamus

80
Q

Coordinating movement

A

Cerebellum

81
Q

Certain hemisphere of the brain that is dominant for language

A

Left hemisphere

82
Q

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

A

Reflex

83
Q

Pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in time of stress

A

Adrenal glands

General Psychology 3rd Ed Aced (15 decks)

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