chapter 13

Question 1

the spinal cord has a
and it is surrounded by
and includes these nuclei

Answer 1

narrow central canal; gray matter; dorsal sensory and ventral motor nuclei

Question 2

gray matter

Answer 2

dominated by unmyelinated neuron/neuroglia cell bodies

Question 3

white matter

Answer 3

contain myelinated and unmyelinated axons that ascend and descend

Question 4

nuclei

Answer 4

bundles of grey matter in the CNS

Question 5

tract

Answer 5

bundles of axons in the CNS
somewhat uniform in diameter, myelination and propagation speed

Question 6

short tract

Answer 6

send sensory and motor signals to spinal cord segments

Question 7

long tracts

Answer 7

connect the spinal cord with the brain

Question 8

ascending tract

Answer 8

send sensory information to the brain

Question 9

descending tract

Answer 9

bring motor commands to the spinal cord

Question 10

each nerve segment is connected to a pair of

Answer 10

spinal nerves

Question 11

spinal nerves are wrapped in

Answer 11

endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium

Question 12

fiber

Answer 12

a single axon with an endoneurium

Question 13

fascicle

Answer 13

a bundle of fibers within a perineurium

Question 14

nerve

Answer 14

a bundle of fascicles within an epineurium

Question 15

the functions of the spinal cord are

Answer 15

1. to process reflexes
2. to integrate EPSPS and IPSPS
3. to conduct sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors

Question 16

where are relay neurons found

Answer 16

in the brain and spinal cord

Question 17

what are spinal reflexes

Answer 17

rapid, automatic reponses that trigger specific stimuli and are controlled by the spinal cord alone

Question 18

what are the exact measurements of the spinal cord?

Answer 18

18 inches long and 1/2 inch wide
it ends between L1 and L2

Question 19

what is the central canal full of ?

Answer 19

CSF

Question 20

what causes spinal cord enlargement?

Answer 20

amount of grey matter in the segment
involves nerves of limbs

Question 21

cervical enlargement

Answer 21

nerves of shoulders and upper limbs

Question 22

lumbar enlargement

Answer 22

nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

Question 23

conus medullaris

Answer 23

a thin spinal cord below the lumbar enlargement

Question 24

filum terminale

Answer 24

a thin thread of fibrous tissue at the end of the conus medullaris and is attached to the coccygeal ligament

Question 25

cauda equina

Answer 25

nerve roots that extend below the conus medullaris

Question 26

cervical nerves are named for ____ while all other nerves are named for _____

Answer 26

inferior vertebra, superior vertebra

Question 27

what are dorsal roots?

Answer 27

they contain axons of sensory neurons and bring sensory information to the spinal cord

Question 28

what are ventral roots?

Answer 28

they containa axons of motor neurons and control somatic and visceral effectors

Question 29

what is dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 29

transmit sensory info from PNS to CNS and contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 30

what binds together to form a spinal nerve?

Answer 30

sensory and motor roots, which will then form branches of nerve fibers

Question 31

spinal nerves are ____ nerves which carry these kind of fibers

Answer 31

mixed nerves that carry both afferent and effferent fibers

Question 32

the spinal cord is protected by the

Answer 32

vertebrae, spinal meninges and CSF

Question 33

what is the function of the spinal meninges?

Answer 33

to circulate nutrients, blood and absorb shock

Question 34

# spinal meninges dura mater | list characteristics

Answer 34

1. tough outer layer 2. fibrous, fused with occipital bone 3. tapers to join the filum terminale in coccygeal ligament 4. connected to the cranial dura mater

Question 35

arachnoid mater

Answer 35

composed of an arachnoid membrane made of simple squamous epithelium contains collagen and elastin fibers that are filled with CSF

Question 36

pia mater

Answer 36

thin, weblike, bound to neural tissue paired with denticulate ligaments

Question 37

epidural space contains

Answer 37

areolar tissue, blood vessels and adipose tissue between ventral wall canals and spinal dura mater

Question 38

subarachnoid space contains

Answer 38

CSF, arachnoid trabeculae

Question 39

the posterior gray horns contain

Answer 39

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

Question 40

the anterior gray horns contain

Answer 40

somatic motor nuclei

Question 41

the lateral gray horns contain

Answer 41

visceral motor nuclei and are found in thoracic and lumbar segments

Question 42

what is the gray commisure

Answer 42

axons that connect one side of the SC to the other

Question 43

tracts or fasciculi

Answer 43

found in the white columns made of bundles of axons relay information all the in same direction

Question 44

ascending tracts carry information to the

Answer 44

brain

Question 45

descending tracts carry information to the

Answer 45

spinal cord

Question 46

peripheral neuropathies are when

Answer 46

there are regional losses of sensory and motor functions due to nerve compression

Question 47

ipsilateral

Answer 47

same side of the body (stretch, tendon reflex)

Question 48

contralateral

Answer 48

opposite sides of the body

Question 49

monosynaptic

Answer 49

two neurons, one synpase

Question 50

polysynaptic

Answer 50

multiple synapses