Physiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A

Transportation of resp gases, nutrients, wastes
Regulation hormones and temperature
Protection - clotting and immunity

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Blood composition

A

45% formed elements, 55% plasma

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4
Q

Plasma

A

Water, dissolved solutes (mostly Na+), metabolites, enzymes and proteins

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5
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein
Creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure

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6
Q

Globulins

A

Plasma proteins, alpha and beta transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins, gamma globulins are antibodies for immunity

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7
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Becomes fibrin during clotting to aid clotting

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8
Q

Formed elements

A

Erythrocytes and leukocytes

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9
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Flattened, biconcave discs lacking nuclei and mitochondria with a 120 day lifespan, 5 mill/mm3 blood, each has ~280 hemoglobin

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10
Q

Transferrin

A

Carries heme iron recycled from liver and spleen in the blood to the red bone marrow

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11
Q

Anemia

A

Abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count

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12
Q

Polycythemia

A

High RBC count

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13
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of large cans, lack nuclei with 5-9 day life span, important role in blood clothing
130,000 - 400,000/mm 3 blood

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14
Q

Hematopoesis

A

Process of blood cell formation, done by hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, they proliferate in response to proinflammatory cytokines and depletion of leukocytes

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15
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Primary regulator of erythropoesis, its produced in kidneys in response to low blood O2 levels

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16
Q

Thrombopoetin

A

Stimulates growth of megakarocytes and maturation into platelets

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17
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

Occurs when a person receives the wrong blood type, antibodies bind erythrocytes and cause agglutination (clumping) that can lead to hemolysis (rupture of RBCs)

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18
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

When giving birth an RH negative mother is exposed to Rh positive blood of the baby causing the mother to form anti RH antibodies that can cross the placenta in future pregnancies and cause hemolysis of Rh positive fetus RBCs it can be prevented by injecting an Rh negative mother with antibodies against Rh factor (RhoGAM) within 72 hours of birth

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19
Q

Hemostasis

A

Cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged, initiated when the endothelial lining of a blood vessel breaks causing vast constriction, the formation of a platelet plug, formation of a fibrin protein web

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20
Q

Formation of fibrin

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A

Calcium and phospholipids from platelets convert prothrombin to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin monomers are then joined together producing a meshwork that supports the platelet plug

21
Q

Dissolution of clots

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A

As the blood vessel wall is repaired plasmin digests fibrin promoting dissolution of the clot

22
Q

Lub

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A

Closing of AV valves

23
Q

Dub

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A

Closing of semilunar valves

24
Q

Sinoatrial node

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A

In the right atrium functions as pacemaker

25
AV node
Functions as a secondary pacemaker along with purkinje fibers, normally suppressed by action potentials from the SA node
26
Pacemaker potential
In the SA node a hyperpolarization from the preceding action potential triggers the opening of HCN channels at -60mV allowing Na+ to enter the cell causing a slow spontaneous depolarization, at -40 mV voltage-gated Ca2+ open triggering an action potential and contraction, repalarization occurs with the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
27
Sympathetic regulation of heart rate
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase production of cAMP through B1 adrenergic receptors which keeps HCN channels open causing Na+ influx speeding heart rate
28
Parasympathetic regulation of heart rate
Neurons secrete acetylcholine opening K+ channels making it more difficult for pacemaker potentials to reach threshold slowing heart rate
29
Cardiac muscle cell resting potential
- 85 mV
30
Myocardial cell depolarization
Action potentials from the SA node depolarize to threshold
31
Myocardial action potential upshoot
Up shoot phase of action potential caused by opening of voltage-gated Na+ or fast Na+ channels
32
Membrane potential plateau
Myocardial membrane potential plateaus at - 15mV for 200-300 msec due to balance of slow influx of Ca2+ and efflux of K+
33
Myocardial depolarization
Achieved by opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
34
Long plateau
Contraction is completed before the membrane recovers from its refractory period, the long plateau prevents summation and tetanus in cardiac muscle
35
P wave
Atrial depolarization
36
P-R interval
Atrial systole
37
QRS wave (complex)
Ventricular depolarization
38
S-T segment
Plateau phase of action potential, ventricular systole
39
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
40
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels, walls made up of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium, site of exchange for gases and nutrients between blood and tissues
41
Venous return
During breathing flattening of the diaphragm at inhalation increases abdominal cavity pressure compared to thoracic pressure moving blood back towards heart
42
Atherosclerosis
Most common form arteriosclerosis, 50% of deaths, hardening of arteries due to plaque protruding into artery lumen reducing blood flow, plaque can also be a site for clots
43
Ischemia
Condition of inadequate oxygen due to reduced blood flow, atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is most common cause of myocardial ischemia, can lead to myocardial infarction from heart tissues dying from lack of oxygen
44
Stroke
When a region of the brain becomes ischemic due to a thrombus (clot) which can be caused by atherosclerosis Neurons progressively die by excitotoxicity because removal of glutamate is impaired causing excessive Ca2+ inflow causing en death
45
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate below 60 bpm
46
Tachycardia
Fast heart rate above 100 bpm
47
Ventricular tachycardia
Pacemakers in the ventricles cause them to contract rapidly and independently of the atria, can lead to ventricular fibrillation and sudden death
48
Atrial fibrillation
Very rapid production of disorganized impulses and no p wave, reduces co by 15%, increases risk of thrombi, stroke, and heart failure
49
Functions of lymphatic system
Transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues to blood in veins, transports absorbed fat from small intestine to blood, it produces and houses lymphocytes for the immune response

Physiology (18 decks)

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