Lecture 2

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

Has nucleus with protons and neutrons, electrons orbiting

Question 2

Atomic mass

Answer 2

Number of protons plus neutrons

Question 3

Atomic #

Answer 3

Of protons

Question 4

Covalent bonds

Answer 4

Bonds formed by sharing valence electrons

Question 6

Nonpolar

Answer 6

Electrons shared equally

Question 7

Polar

Answer 7

Electrons shared unequally like in water

Question 8

Ionic bonds

Answer 8

Electrons donated forming bond
Donor becomes positive and receiver negative

Question 9

Strongest bonds for physiology

Answer 9

Covalent

Question 10

Free ions

Answer 10

Created when ionic compounds dissociate in water an individual ions are surrounded by water, key to many physiological processes

Question 12

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

Weak bond between 2 polar molecules, based on charges
Between H atoms and N or O

Question 13

Acid

Answer 13

Proton donor

Question 14

Base

Answer 14

Proton acceptor

Question 15

Buffer

Answer 15

Weak acid and base paired to resist H+ concentration changes; stabilizes pH of a solution

Question 16

Buffer pair in human blood

Answer 16

Stabilizes blood pH, bicarbonate ion HCO3 - and carbonic acid H2CO3
Bicarbonate neutralizes excess acid by accepting protons
Carbonic acid neutralizes excess base by donating protons

Question 17

Organic molecules

Answer 17

Contain carbon and hydrogen

Question 18

4 types biomolecules

Answer 18

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides

Question 19

Carbohydrates

Answer 19

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio, sugars and starches, ose suffix

Question 20

Monosaccharide

Answer 20

C6H12O6
Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 21

Sucrose

Answer 21

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose

Question 22

Lactose

Answer 22

Disaccharide glucose and galactose

Question 23

Glycogen

Answer 23

Polysaccharide of glucoses

Question 24

Glycogen main purpose

Answer 24

To store glucose in cells in a way that prevents osmotic swelling

Question 25

Condensation/ dehydration synthesis

Answer 25

Hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from another to form water Small → big

Question 26

Hydrolysis

Answer 26

Splitting of larger saccharides into smaller components by adding water Big → small

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Mostly carbons and hydrogens, form chains/rings

Question 28

5 lipids

Answer 28

Triglycerides, ketones, eicosanoids (prostaglandins), phospholipids, steroids SKEPT

Question 29

Triglycerides

Answer 29

One glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 30

Glycerol

Answer 30

3-carbon alcohol

Question 31

Fatty and

Answer 31

Long hydrocarbon chains with carbonyl (cooh) at one end

Question 32

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 32

No double bonds, carbons maxed out on hydrogens

Question 33

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 33

Double bonds, fewer hydrogens per carbon Monounsaturated = more than 1 double bond

Question 34

Ketone bodies

Answer 34

Free fatty acids in blood from triglyceride hydrolysis can be converted into these

Question 35

Ketosis

Answer 35

Rapid fat breakdown from low carb diet or uncontrolled diabetes causes elevated ketone levels

Question 36

Ketoacidosis

Answer 36

When ketone levels are high enough to lower pH Can lead to coma or death

Question 37

Phospholipid

Answer 37

Lipid containing a phosphate group with glycerol forming the back bone Polar fatty acid (head) and nonpolar (tail)

Question 38

Micelles

Answer 38

Spherical structure of phospholipids that transport nonpolar molecules in an aqueous environment

Question 39

Surfactant

Answer 39

Type of phospholipid in lungs that decreases attraction between water molecules helping to prevent lung collapse

Question 40

Steroids

Answer 40

3 six carbon rings, one five carbon, nonpolar

Question 41

Most common steroid

Answer 41

Cholesterol, precursor to steroid hormones also used to make vitamin D and bile salts

Question 42

Prostaglandins (eicosanoids)

Answer 42

Fatty acid with cyclic hydrocarbon group, communication between cells in the same organ Blood vessel diameter, ovulation, contractions, clotting, etc.

Question 43

Amino acid

Answer 43

Has an amino group, carbonyl group, and functional group

Question 44

#Amino acids

Answer 44

20

Question 45

Peptide bond

Answer 45

Bond between adjacent amino acids; covalent

Question 46

Secondary protein structure

Answer 46

Folding pattern, alpha helices, beta folds formed by h-bonds

Question 47

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 47

3D shape based on interactions of r groups

Question 48

Which level of structure dictates function

Answer 48

Tertiary 3D structure

Question 49

Quaternary structure

Answer 49

Proteins containing more than one polypeptide chain

Question 50

Quaternary structure examples

Answer 50

Hemoglobin (4) and insulin (2)

Question 51

Protein functions

Answer 51

Structure, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, carriers

Question 52

Nucleotide

Answer 52

Composed of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 53

Pyrimidines

Answer 53

Carbon ring + nitrogen Cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 54

Purines

Answer 54

2 carbon rings + ribose or deoxyribose Guanine and adenine

Question 55

C-G

Answer 55

3 H bonds

Question 56

A-T

Answer 56

2 H bonds

Question 58

3 RNA types

Answer 58

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA