Lecture 8

Question 1

Gray matter

Answer 1

Cortex and deep nuclei

Question 2

White matter

Answer 2

Tracts (axons + myelin)

Question 3

Precentral gyrus

Answer 3

Frontal lobe responsible for motor control

Question 4

Postcentral gyrus

Answer 4

Parietal lobe, for somatic sensory input from receptors in skin and muscles, somatosensory cortex

Question 5

Tempura lobe

Answer 5

Auditory centers

Question 6

Occipital lobe

Answer 6

Primary area responsible for vision and coordinating eye movement

Question 7

Insula

Answer 7

Encoding of memory and integration of sensory information with visceral responses, receives refectory, gustatory, auditory, and pain info

Question 8

Histamine

Answer 8

Promotes wakefulness

Question 9

Adenosine and GABA

Answer 9

Promote sleep

Question 10

Serotonin

Answer 10

Reduces REM sleep, stimulates non-REM sleep

Question 11

ACh

Answer 11

Promotes wakefulness

Question 12

Norepinephrine

Answer 12

Wakefulness and alertness (fight or flight)

Question 13

REM sleep

Answer 13

Dreams occur, lambic system active, respiratory and heart rate irregular, consolidation of nondeclaritave memories

Question 14

Non-rem sleep

Answer 14

Allows for metabolic repair and synaptic plasticity, respiratory and heart rate regular, consolidation of spatial and declarative memories

Question 15

Parkinson’s disease cause

Answer 15

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum

Question 16

Motor circuit mechanism

Answer 16

Globus pallidus sends inhibitory GABA releasing neurons to thalamus which sends excitatory axons to the motor cortex of the cerebrum
This process allows for the stimulation of the appropriate movements and inhibits unwanted movements

Question 17

Brocha’s area

Answer 17

Controls motor aspects of speech

Question 18

Brocha’s aphasia

Answer 18

Slow, poorly articulated speech but no impairment in understanding

Question 19

Wernicke’s area

Answer 19

Controls understanding of words

Question 20

Wernicke’S aphasia

Answer 20

Production of rapid speech with no meaning “word salad”
Language comprehension is destroyed

Question 21

Lambic system

Answer 21

Along w hypothalamus plays important role in emotion
CASH
Cingulate gyrus, amygayla, septal nuclei, hippocampus

Question 22

Cingulate gurus

Answer 22

Lambic system, unpleasant stimuli/pain

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

Lambic system, memory/fear/anger

Question 24

Hippocampus

Answer 24

Memory, lambic system

Question 25

Septal nuclei

Answer 25

Addiction, reward, lambic system

Question 26

Working memory

Answer 26

Very short-term, pre frontal cortex

Question 27

Alzheimer's disease

Answer 27

Most common type of dementia

Question 28

Alzheimer's cause

Answer 28

Loss of cholinergic fibers in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, accumulation of plaque, accumulation of intracellular proteins forming neurofibrillary tangles

Question 29

LTP

Answer 29

High frequency stimulus required, glutamate is released presynaptically and binds to the NDMA receptor, mg2+ is blocking NDMA pore, mg2+ removed by glutamate or d-serine activating AMPA receptors depolarizing the postsynaptic cell, with the mg2+ removed Na+ and Ca2+ enter the cell, Ca2+ inserts more AMPA receptors into the membrane, Ca2+ binds to transcription factor CREB and causes expression of genes necessary for adding dendritic spines and additional receptors

Question 30

Lip change to synapse

Answer 30

Long term structural change

Question 31

Regulating LTP

Answer 31

NO released into the synapse allows presynaptic axon to change so more glutamate is released increasing LTP Endocannabinoids lift inhibition from GABA releasing neurons on the synapse strengthening it

Question 32

Epithalamus

Answer 32

Choroid plexus → CSF Pineal gland → melatonin

Question 33

Reticular activating system

Answer 33

Pons + reticular formation, ascending arousal system

Question 34

Arousal hormones

Answer 34

Polypeptide hormones, orexin, hypocretin-1

Question 35

RAS inhibition

Answer 35

During sleep Neurons from hypothalamus release GABA to inhibit arousal pathways

Question 36

Corticospinal tracts

Answer 36

Located in motor cortex, most fibers decussate, involved in voluntary motor control

Question 37

Extrapyramidal tract

Answer 37

Originate in brain stem, important for initiating body movements

Question 38

Components of a reflex arc

Answer 38

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, synapse/ integrating center, motor neuron, effector (muscle or gland that responds)