Chapter 13

Question 0

Louis Pasteur did what?

Answer 0

Coined term virus

Latin for poison

Question 1

Characteristic of viruses

Answer 1

Obligate intercellular parasite
Need host to multiple 
Submicroscopic 
Noncellular
Contain DNA or RNA
Protein coat 
Lack enzymes for ATP

Question 2

Iwanowski and Beijernick

Answer 2

Discovered tabacco mosaic virus

Question 3

Low leaflet and frosch

Answer 3

Discovered foot and mouth disease in cattle

Question 4

Structure of viruses

Answer 4

DNA or RNA not both
Single or double stranded
Needs to enter host
Protected by capsid

Question 5

What’s the capsid do?

Answer 5

Protein shell that surrounds nuclei acid

Question 6

What is capsomere?

Answer 6

Sub unit of capsid that self assemble to form capsid

Question 7

What is a naked virus mean?

Answer 7

No envelope

Question 8

What is the envelope ?

Answer 8

Lipid structure that surround capsid

Question 9

What are the spikes?

Answer 9

Project from envelope

Helps the virus adhere

Question 10

Helical what is it??

Answer 10

Rod shape of the capsid

Question 11

What is the polyhedral of the capsid?

Answer 11

20sided
3D appearance
Ex. Poliovirus, herpes, and adenovirus

Question 12

What is the complex of the capsid

Answer 12

Capsid is polyhedral and contact tile sheath is helical

Ex. Bacteriophage and pox virus

Question 13

What is the host range?

Answer 13

Spectrum of host cells a virus can infect
Depends on viruses requirement for multiplication
Must be chemically react with host receptors sites

Question 14

What’s does the capsid do of a t-even bacteriophage ?

Answer 14

Stores nucleic acid

Question 15

What does the contractile sheath of a t-even bacteriophage?

Answer 15

Penetrates and inject nucleiac acid

Question 16

What is the tail fiber of bacteriophage do?

Answer 16

For attachment

Question 17

What do the structure of t even bacteriophage of tail pins?

Answer 17

Penetration of cell wall

Question 19

What are the steps of the lyric cycle in T4 viruses ?

Answer 19

1. Attachment
2. Penetration/Entry
3. Biosynthesis
4. Maturation
5. Release

Question 20

what is attachement?

Answer 20

uses the host cell’s receptor sites (tail fibers)

Question 21

what is penetration/entry?

Answer 21

Biral nucleic acid is injected into the host cell

Question 22

what is biosynthesis?

Answer 22

each viral componet is made using host’s metabolic machinery

Question 23

what is maturation?

Answer 23

viral components are assembled

Question 24

what is release?

Answer 24

bacteria cell is full of virues, lyses, and dies

Question 25

what is burst time?

Answer 25

time it takes from attachemetn to release | average time is 20-40 min

Question 26

what is burst size?

Answer 26

number of viruses released per host cell | average is 200 viruses

Question 27

viral multiplication in bacteriophage?

Answer 27

multiply in two ways | lytic and lysongenic

Question 28

lytic cycle cells

Answer 28

end with lyse (death to host cell)

Question 29

lysogenic cycle allows

Answer 29

host cell to remain alive

Question 30

lysogenic cycle

Answer 30

incorporates a viral nucleic acid into host cell's phage remains inactive everytime host replicate virues is

Question 31

what is adverse conditions do to lysogenic cycle?

Answer 31

can cause the lysogenic cycle to end and lytic cycle to begin

Question 32

what is the steps in lysogenic cycle?

Answer 32

1. attachment 2. pentiration/entry 3. prophage created 4. bacteria divides with prophage

Question 33

what is prophage?

Answer 33

combination of bacterial and viral nucleic acids | if prophage begins outside of bacterial cells, virus will being lytic cycle

Question 34

how do you grow bacteriophage in the lab?

Answer 34

1. mix bacteria and virus in a soft agar solution and pour onto plate with solid agar 2. incubate at 38 degrees celcius 3. lawn of bacteria with plaque will apear

Question 35

what is plaque?

Answer 35

were virus has killed bacteria

Question 36

what is the process for multiplication in animal viruses

Answer 36

1. attachment 2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. biosythesis and assembly 5. release

Question 37

growing animal viruses in the lab

Answer 37

in live animal ; some viruses can only exsist in animals study the immune system response

Question 38

growing animal viruses in embryonic eggs

Answer 38

viruses is injected into fertilized egg viral growth is detected by death or damage to embryo used to make vaccines

Question 39

how do you identify viruses?

Answer 39

cytopahtic effects serological tests nucleic acids

Question 40

what is serological tests?

Answer 40

detects antibodies against viruses in a patient

Question 41

what is nucleic acids?

Answer 41

uses PCR to obtain enough nucleic acids to identify

Question 42

taxonomy of virues family genus species

Answer 42

family - virdae genus - virus species is common name of species

Question 43

what are subspecies designated by?

Answer 43

number

Question 44

example of taxonomy of viruses?

Answer 44

family ; herpesvirdae genus; herpesvirus species; human herpes virus subspecies; HHV-1, HHV-2

Question 45

what is adenovirdae?

Answer 45

common cold viruses

Question 46

what is poxvirdae?

Answer 46

small pox or cow pox

Question 47

what is orthomyxovirdae?

Answer 47

influenza viruses A, B, and C

Question 48

herpesviridae?

Answer 48

cold sore, chicken pox they are monoonucleosis

Question 49

what is papvavirdae:

Answer 49

gential warts | cervic cancer

Question 50

what is retrovirdae virus?

Answer 50

HIV

Question 51

What are some extreme viruses?

Answer 51

ebola | causes fever, hemorrhaging and blod clotting

Question 52

what is acute viral?

Answer 52

rapid onset of symptoms but not short lived | ex. influenza

Question 53

what is latent viral infection?

Answer 53

virus remains asymtematic in host cell for long period of times ex. cold sores and shingles

Question 54

what is persistant viral infections?

Answer 54

disease occurs over long period of time gennerally fatal Ex. HIV/AIDS

Question 55

what are ways to prevent viruses?

Answer 55

vaccines---> ex. rubella | antiviral drugs --> AZT

Question 56

what is prions?

Answer 56

proteinaceous infection particles cause neurolgical disease Ex. Mad cow disease