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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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0
Q

Importance of genetics

A 
Understand cell function
Evolution of species
Advancement in agriculture
Understand diseases
Info on antibiotic resistance
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1
Q

What is genetics

A

Study of function and transfer of genes

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2
Q

What is genome?

A

ALL genetic info in cell

Contain chromosomes

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3
Q

How many chromosomes E.coli have?
How many genes?
How long is stretched out?

A

1 chromosome
4288 genes
Stretch 1mm if unwound

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Stretches??

A

46 chromosome

6 feet

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5
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Contain genes

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6
Q

What are genes?

A

DNA segments

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7
Q

What are three types of genes?

A

Structural: code for protein
Regulatory: control gene expression
Genes that code for RNA

*structural most important

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8
Q

What are genetic code

A

Set of rules that determine how nucleotides sequence is converted into a protein

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9
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genetic make up
Represents potential characteristics
Ex. Serratia marcescens COULD turn red

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of genotypes
Actual observable characteristics

Ex. Serratia marcescens is red

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11
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

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12
Q

What are the component of Nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

What are the three nucleotides component?

A

5 carbon sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

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14
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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15
Q

What is complementary base pairing

A

Certain nucleotides bases pair together
A-T
G-C

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16
Q

What kind of bonds are between bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Each DNA molecule has

A

2 strands of nucleotides

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18
Q

Strained in DNA molecule are

A

Antiparallel 5’ –> 3’ and 3’ –> 5’

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19
Q

Carbon of dexoxyribose are numbered

A

1’ through 5’

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20
Q

5’ end _______ add nucleotides(P)

A

Cannot

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21
Q

3’ end _______ add nucleotides (OH)

A

Can

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22
Q

Flow of genetic information

A

DNA ————–> mRNA –> protein

^(Transcription). ^translation

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24
Q

DNA ————–> mRNA –> protein
^(Transcription). ^translation

Is called

A

Central dogma

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25
what is genotype?
genetic make up represent only potential charactersistics ex. Serratia macescen COULD turn red
26
what are the steps of DNA replication?
1. double helix is seperated by helicase 2. replication fork forms at origin of replication 3. leading strand is synthesized continously as DNA polymerase add new nucleotides (5' to 3') 4. Lagging strand uses RNA primer to lay down short pieces of RNA 5. On lagging strand, DNA polymerase removed RNA primer and replaces it with DNA 6. On lagging strand DNA ligase joins fragments of DNA 7. DNA polymerase proofreads to ensure proper base pairing occurs
27
how is the lagging strand formed?
synthesized in pieces because there is no free 3' end
28
helicase
enzyme that unwinds double helix
29
template
original strand of DNA
30
where 2 strands are seperated and new nucleotides are added
replication fork
31
enzymes that add new nucleotides and proof reads
DNA polymerase
32
Small pieces of RNA where DNA polymerase can attach
RNA primer
33
enzyme that joins fragment of DNA (glue) on lagging strand
DNA ligase
34
Pieces of RNA fromed on teh lagging stand
OKAZAKI fragment
35
transcription
process of making mRNA from a DNA template
36
what is the end result of transcription?
mRNA
37
what does mRNA do:
carries infromation transcribed from DNA | *contains codons*
38
what does tRNA do?
carries amino acids | contains anticodons which pair with codons on mRNA
39
what does RNA polymerase?
Enzyme that make new strand of mRNA
40
what is the promotor?
Site on DNA template where RNA binds
41
what is the terminator?
site on DNA template that end transcription
42
what are the steps in transcription?
1. RNA polymerase binds to promotor site on the DNA template 2. RNA polmymerase synthesizes a complementary base strand of DNA template working in a 5' to 3' direction 3. transcription continues until a terminator is reached 4. RNA polymerase and new mRNA are released from DNA
43
what is translation?
process of protein synthesis
44
What is the end product of translation?
protien(enzyme)
45
how are ribosomes involved in translation?
site of translation attaches to mRNA contains two sub units 30s and 50s contians 3 tRNA binding sites
46
tRNA binding sites are?
A P E
47
What tRNA A site?
acceptor; hold tRNA carries the next amino acid
48
what is tRNA P site?
peptide; holds tRNA with growing peptide chain
49
what is tRNA E site?
exit
50
what are the steps in translation
intitiation elogation termination
51
what are the steps in initiation?
1. start condon, AUG, signals mRNA to bind to sm. subunits of ribosomes 2. initate tRNA ( with amino acid met.) attaches its anticodon (UAC) to mRNA in P site of ribosome 3. Large and small subunits of ribosome join
52
what are the steps in elongation?
1. mRNA is threaded through ribosome 2. 2nd tRNA with amino acid binds it anticodon with mRNA's codon A site of ribosome 3. peptide bond form between amino acid 4. polypeptide chain is transfered to tRNA in A site and 1st t RNA moves to the E site and is released 5. tRNA with growing peptide chain moves A to P
53
what are the steps to termination?
1. elongation. continues until a stop codon is reached at A site 2. Ribosome split apart polypeptide chain * protien fold and becomes funtional*
54
what is a codon?
set of 3 nucleotides based mRNA that encodes for specific amino acid 64 possible codons and 20 amino acids 61 are sense codons 3 are nonsense codons
55
what are sense codons?
amino acids
56
what are nonsense codons?
UAG, UAA , and UGA
57
what is the regulation of gene expression?
most metabolic reaction are catalyzed by enzymes(protein) cells only produce enzymes when they are needed and only perform needed chemical reaction cell control activity by feedback inhibition the process to make enzyme are controled by genetics; transcription and translation genes that code fro enzymes that are needed most of the time say on all the time genes that code for enzymes that are only need at certain times are regulated
58
what is feedback inhibiton?
inhibition of enzymes when reaction is unnecessary
59
what is the repression of genes?
process that turns off transcription caused by over production of end product from metabolism repressors block RNA polymerase at promotor
60
induction
the relief of repression for a gene or set of genes under negative control repressor
61
what is operon
system of gene regulation includes genes,promotor or operon
62
what is a promotor
where RNA polymerase starts transcription
63
what is operator?
start/stops transcription of lac gene
64
E. coli with lac gene
E. coli contains an inducibe systems for lactose metabolism
65
lac operon's job is to regulate what/
the lac. gene and there for regulate transcroption and translation
66
lac operon under normal conditions is
turned off when glucose is present
67
when lactose is present lac operon must
broken down by beta-galactosidase
68
what does beta-galactosidase do"
splits lactose--> glucosa and galactose
69
what does glucose and galactose do/
are used by E. coli in metabolism to make ATP
70
when the lac operon is on in E. coli in medium with lactose
1. lactose is transported into cell and converted to allolactose (inducer) 2. allolacotose binds to repressor (turn off) which turns on genes for RNA polymerase to transcibe mRNA 3. mRNA is translated and beta-galacosidase is produced
71
E. coli in medium without lactose operons is off
1. repressor active is bound to operator 2. mRNA is Not transcribed 3. Translatino do NOT occur 4. beta-galactosidase is NOT produced
72
what are mutation?
changes in base sequence of DNA are permenant and passed to next generation can help with environmental changes(natural selection) ex. antibiotic resistance
73
what are base substitution?
single base in released with another base
74
missense mutation?
base substitution results amino acid substitution
75
nonsense mutation?
base substituition codes for nonsense codon
76
what is frameshift mutation?
one or more bases are deleted or inserted
77
what are mutagens?
substance that cause mutaion
78
what are the different types of mutagens?
chemicals -- nitrate and nitrite --household cleaners | radiation-- UV light and X-ray-- causes pyridine dimer (thymine) to form
79
what is genetic transfer?
exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecule to form new combination of genes
80
what are genetic cross over?
2 chromosome break apart and rejoin | results ; 2 original chromosomes have combination of each other
81
what is cross over important?
genetic recombination contributes to a population's genetic diversity genes for resistance to drug and metabolic poison develop new nutrional and metabolic capacities develop increase virulence
82
what are plasmids?
circular pieces of DNA replicated seperately from chromosomal DNA can enhance pathogenicity
83
what are the three genetic transfer?
1. transfromation 2. conjugation 3. translation
84
what is transformation?
process of genetic transfer when a cell lyse and "naked' DNA is transfered to another bacteria
85
how does transforation work?
donor DNA combine with recipeint DNA form a new recombinant (if closely related) occur in Bacilus and Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus
86
What is plasmid F factor?
used in conjugation | carres gene for sex pillus
87
what is plasmid R factor?
plasmid that transfered antibiotic resistance transfer multiple resistance to antibiotic (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, stretomycin, sulfonamide, and penicillin) synthesize factor such as toxin, enzymes adhesion can transfer resistance to heavy metal
88
what is conjuagation in bacteria?
process of genetic transfer that involves sexual mating using a plasmid require cell to cell contact must be oppiosate mating type
89
what are the components involved in conjugation?
``` sex pilus: connection Donor: has plasmid F+ Recipeient: no plasmid F- ```
90
what are the steps in conjuation?
1. sex pilus grows out F+ and attahes to F- cell 2. copy of F+ is transfered to recipient F0 result is F+ + F- = F+ + F+
91
what is the transduction?
process of genetic transfer in which DNA is passed from one bacterium to another by a bacteriphage
92
what are the steps in transduction?
1. bacteriphage attaches to a bacterium and injects its DNA 2. bacteriophage breaks down bacterium's DNA 3. bacteriphage replicates self and part of original bacterium's DNA is packed in new bacteriophage 4. bacteriophage lyse bacteria and infect other bacteria 5. new bacteriphages land a new bacteria and DNA of the two bacteria and combined
93
what are transpons?
segments of DNA that move from 1 region to antoher | "jumping genes"
94
what are the advantages of transpons?
creation of genetic diversity change in traits such as pigmentation and morphology replacement of damaged DNA
95
what are the disadvantages of transpons?
can lead to mutation | can cause cell dysfunction

Microbiology (12 decks)

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