Exam 2 (Ch. 4 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells) Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
prokaryotic cell (4 things and ex.)
A
- DNA not in a membrane (no nucleus)
- very small
- cell walls have peptidoglycan
- no membrane bound organelles
ex: Bacteria
2
Q
eukaryotic cell (4 things and ex.)
A
- DNA in a membrane (nucleus)
- larger and more complex
- cell wall when present is simple
- membrane bound organelles (golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria)
ex: animals, plants fungi
3
Q
similarities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3 things)
A
- contain carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
- use chemical reactions to metabolize food, build protein and store energy
- contain cell membrane
4
Q
advantages to prokaryotes for being small (3 things)
A
- reproduce quickly
- adapt easily to their env’t
- simple organization
5
Q
coccus (def.)
A
spherical
6
Q
bacillus (def.)
A
rod-shaped
7
Q
spirillum (def.)
A
spiral
8
Q
pleomorphic (def.)
A
many shapes
9
Q
strepto (def.)
A
chains
10
Q
staphylo (def.)
A
grape-like clusters
11
Q
diplo (def.)
A
pairs (2)
12
Q
tetrad (def.)
A
groups of fours
13
Q
flagellum (def.)
A
structure used for motility
14
Q
monotrichous (def.)
A
one flagellum at one end
15
Q
amphitrichous (def.)
A
one flagellum and each end
16
Q
lophotrichous (def.)
A
tuft of flagella at one or more ends
17
Q
peritrichous (def.)
A
flagella around entire surface
18
Q
movement of flagella is..
A
clockwise or counter clockwise
19
Q
run means to
A
move in one direction
20
Q
tumble means to
A
stop and change direction
21
Q
taxis means
A
movement toward or away from a stimulus
22
Q
positive taxis is
A
movement towards a stimulus
23
Q
negative taxis is
A
movement away from a stimulus
24
Q
chemotaxis (def.)
A
movement involving chemicals
25
phototaxis (def.)
movement involving light
26
geotaxis (def.)
movement involving gravity
27
fimbriae (3 things)
1. appendage that is shorter and straighter than flagella
2. 2-100s per cell
3. used for attachment
28
pili (3 things)
1. longer than fimbriae
2. 1-2 per cell
3. used in conjugation to attach to each other
29
glycocalyx is _________ in all bacteria
not present
30
glycocalyx (3 things)
1. made of polysaccharides
2. found outside the cell wall
3. protects cell
31
all bacteria ________ a cell wall
have
32
glycocalyx (2 types)
capsule and slime layer
33
capsule (3 things)
1. firmly attached to cell wall
2. protects bacteria from phagocytosis
3. nigrosin detects this
34
slime layer (4 things)
1. loosely attached to cell wall
2. protects from water loss
3. made up of polysaccharides
4. outside cell wall
35
prokaryotic cell wall (def.)
semi-rigid structure outside the cell-membrane
36
2 functions of the cell wall
protect and give shape
37
the cell wall is the site where
many antibiotics damage bacteria
38
cell walls can only be seen clearly with
an electron microscope
39
peptidoglycan is the __________ of the cell wall
main component
40
name the two monosaccharides that are in the cell wall
NAG and NAM
41
NAG stands for
N-acetylglucosamine
42
NAM stands for
N-acetylmuramic acid
43
how are NAG and NAM arranged
they alternate
44
what forms the cross bridges in a cell wall
amino acids
45
how many layers in a gram-positive cell wall
25-30
46
gram positive cell wall contains what that the negative wall doesn't
teichoic acid
47
teichoic acid (3 things)
1. acidic polysaccharide
2. gives cells surface a negative charge
3. prevents lyses
48
gram negative cell wall has how many layers
10 or less
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negative cell wall does not have
teichoic acid
50
what additional layer does a negative wall have that a positive wall does not
LPS layer
51
where is the LPS layer located
outside the peptidoglycan
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what does LPS stands for
Lipopolysaccharide
53
the LPS layer is _________ to humans
toxic
54
LPS layer is responsible for
infections and is resistant to antibiotics
55
cell membrane (4 things)
1. structure below cell wall
2. forms a phospholipid bilayer, similar to eukaryotes
3. acts as a selective barrier
4. site of ATP production
56
simple diffusion (def.)
movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration
57
osmosis (def.)
diffusion of H2O across the cell membrane
58
solute (def.)
something added to a solvent that is dissolved
59
solvent (def.)
typically a liquid and this is what dissolves the solute
60
solution (def.)
mixture of the solvent and solute
61
hypotonic solution (explain)
higher concentration of H2O outside the cell and so it moves into the cell, making it so the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower, the cell lysis (bursts)
62
hypertonic solution (explain)
there is a higher concentration of solutes inside the cell and so the solutes move out of the cell making it so that the concentration is higher outdid the cell. The cell cremates (shrinks)
63
isotonic solutions (2 things)
1. cell remains intact
| 2. equal concentrations inside and outside of the cell
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cytoplasm (3 things)
1. jelly-like substance found inside the cell
2. 80% water
3. contains carbs, proteins, lipids, and genetic material
65
nucleoid (def.)
cluster of genetic material
66
ribosomes (4 things)
1. structure that directs protein synthesis
2. composed of 2 subunits
3. smaller that eukaryotic ribosomes
4. very numerous in cells that are actively growing
67
inclusions (3 things)
1. large storage molecules made up of C, N, S, or P
2. formed when these elements are abundant
3. not always present
68
endospores contain a _______ cell wall
thick
69
endospores are produced when
nutrients are limited
70
endospores are able to survive conditions such as
heat, lack of water, exposure to chemicals
71
endospores can live for
25 million years
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once conditions are favorable, endospores are converted back to their
vegetative state
73
the cloudier a tube is = the more...
bacterial growth there is
74
sporulation (def.)
process of making spores
75
what two can produce spores
Clostridium and Bacillus
76
how are spores killed
autoclave
77
autoclave (def.)
heat under pressure for 20 min.
