Chapter 13

Question 1

What are different methods of food ingestion?

Answer 1

1) Suspension feeding
2) Substrate feeding
3) Fluid feeding
4) bulk feeding

Question 2

What are suspension feeders? Give an example.

Answer 2

they filter food particles out of water

eg. baleen whales. clams and tube worms

Question 3

What are substrate feeders? Give examples.

Answer 3

they live in or on their food source and eat their way through it
- eg. leaf miners, earthworms, maggots

Question 4

What are fluid feeders? Give some example

Answer 4

they nutrient-rich fluids from plants or animals

-eg. mosquitos, aphids, ticks, and hummingbirds

Question 5

What are bulk feeders? Give example

Answer 5

they eat food whole or tear off pieces using special body parts
eg. humans, lions, dogs, cat, fish-eating birds

Question 6

An animal’s diet must satisfy 3 needs. What are they?

Answer 6

1) obtain fuel for energy
2) obtain organic macromolecules
3) obtain essential nutrients

Question 7

What causes health problems.

Answer 7

Too much or too little nutrients

Question 8

What is an essential nutrient

Answer 8

a nutrient that an animal require because they cannot synthesize it

Question 9

What are four essential nutrients needed in a diet?

Answer 9

1) essential fatty acids
2) essential amino acids
3) vitamins
4) minerals

Question 10

essential fatty acids are used to make?

Answer 10

cell membranes

Question 11

essential amino acids are for?

Answer 11

making proteins

Question 12

what are vitamins?

Answer 12

organic materials required in small amounts

Question 13

what are minerals?

Answer 13

inorganic materials required in varying amounts depending on the function

Question 14

give an example of an essential fatty acid. Where can they be found?

Answer 14

linoleic acid from soy beans and flax seeds

Question 15

Give an example of an essential amino acids and where can they be found?

Answer 15

threonine in beans and corn

Question 16

Give an example of a mineral.

Answer 16

Calcium from dairy and milk

iron from meat and leafy green veges

Question 17

what are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 17

Vitamins B and C

Question 18

what are fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 18

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Question 19

when does malnutrition occur?

Answer 19

when theres a chronic deficiency in food or one or more essential nutrients

Question 20

The Recommended Daily Allowance states?

Answer 20

the minimum amount of nutrient needed in a day

Question 21

Too much nutrients can be harmful. What nutrients specially?

Answer 21

vitamins, minerals, low-density lipoproteins, saturated and trans fat, cholesterol

Question 22

A healthy human diet includes ______ vitamins and _______ essential minerals

Answer 22

13 and many

Question 23

Food is processed in four stages. What are they?

Answer 23

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Elimination

Question 24

proteins are broken down to?

Answer 24

amino acids

Question 25

Carbohydrates (disaccharides and polysaccharides) are broken down into?

Answer 25

monosaccharides

Question 26

Nucleic acids are broken down too?

Answer 26

nucleotides

Question 27

Fat is broken down to?

Answer 27

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 28

How do sponges digest food?

Answer 28

they digest food intracellularly - food is filtered out of water by choanocytes - food is taken into cells via phagocytes - the amoebocytes digest the food - then carry nutrients to other cells

Question 29

How do cnidarians digest their food?

Answer 29

1) extracellularly = in their gastrovascular cavity where the gland cells release digestive enzymes 2) intracellularly = in endodermal cell

Question 30

Differentiate a complete digestive cavity and an incomplete digestive system

Answer 30

1) incomplete digestive = there's only one opening to their digestive cavity 2) complete digestive = there's two openings to their digestive cavity (mouth and anus) = alimentary canal (digestive tract) = they have regions for specialized functions = facilitate extracellular digestion

Question 31

Give an example of animals with an incomplete digestive system.

Answer 31

Cnidarians and flatworms (platyhelminthes)

Question 32

What makes up the alimentary canal in earthworms

Answer 32

1) mouth 2) pharynx 3) esophagus 4) crop 5) Gizzard 6) intestines 7) anus

Question 33

What makes up the alimentary canal in grasshoppers?

Answer 33

1) mouth 2) esophagus 3) crop 4) Gastric pouches 5) stomach (hindgut and midgut) 6) anus

Question 34

What makes up the alimentary canal of birds?

Answer 34

1) mouth 2) esophagus 3) crop 4) stomach 5) gizzard 6) intestines 7) anus

Question 35

describe the pathway of food in humans.

Answer 35

mouth --> pharynx --> esophagus ---> stomach ---> small intestine --> large intestine ---> rectum --> anus

Question 36

What are the accessory glands present in the human digestive system

Answer 36

salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

Question 37

In herbivores they have specialized regions to?

Answer 37

promote growth of cellulose-digesting bacteria and protists

Question 38

In cayotes and koalas, where are cellulose-digesting bacteria and protist housed?

Answer 38

cecum

Question 39

in rabbits and rodents, where are cellulose-digesting bacteria and protist housed?

Answer 39

large intestines and cecum

Question 40

in cattle, sheep and deer, where are cellulose-digesting bacteria and protist housed?

Answer 40

stomach

Question 41

Between carnivores and herbivores, which one has a longer alimentary canal

Answer 41

herbivores

Question 42

How is food sent to the pharynx?

Answer 42

the tongue pushes it

Question 43

How is food moved down the esophagus and small intestines?

Answer 43

peristalsis

Question 44

what allows stomach to hold food for awhile?

Answer 44

sphincters

Question 45

what does the liver do in the digestive system?

Answer 45

produces bile that contain bile salts that will digest fat

Question 46

What does the gallbladder do in the digestive system?

Answer 46

store bile until needed in the small intestine

Question 47

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 47

release digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid rich in bicarbonate which will neutralize the acidity of the chyme as it enters the small intestine (duodenum)

Question 48

What are the three animal dietary categories?

Answer 48

1) carnivores 2) omnivores 3) herbivores