Chapter 19&22 Flashcards
0
Q
Specifically, where did plants come from?
A
charophytes
1
Q
Plants are believed to have arisen from?
A
the multicellular algae
2
Q
Give some examples of charophytes.
A
chara & coleochaete
3
Q
Plants are aquatic and have virtually no hard tissues. True or False
A
True
4
Q
Plants are anchored to the bottom with a?
A
holdfast
5
Q
what materials do plants take up?
A
water, CO2 and minerals directly from the water
6
Q
The algal surfaces of plants, can do what?
A
photosynthesis
7
Q
In land plants, what prevents them from loosing water?
A
cuticle coating
8
Q
Where does O2 and CO2 pass through in land plants?
A
the stoma of the leaves
9
Q
What does the stoma allow the plant to do?
A
gas exchange between CO2 and O2
10
Q
When are the stomas usually open?
A
during sunlight hours
11
Q
What are the organs of a plant?
A
roots, stems, leaves
12
Q
A typical plant must obtain chemicals from?
A
soil and air
13
Q
What is mainly obtained by a plant in the soil?
A
water and minerals
14
Q
What is mainly obtained from the air by a plant?
A
CO2 and light
15
Q
What does the roots of a plant do?
A
provide anchorage and absorb water and minerals from the soil
16
Q
What do the leaves do?
A
obtain CO2 from the air and light from the sun
17
Q
What is apical meristems? and where is it found?
A
the growth producing region of cell division in a plant
- near the tips of stems and roots
18
Q
What is a vascular tissue?
A
- a network of thick walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the body of the plant
19
Q
What does the vascular tissue contain?
A
-phloem and xylem
20
Q
Define xylem.
A
part of the vascular tissue consisting of dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals from the roots and up.
21
Q
Define phloem.
A
- part of the vascular tissue consisting of alive cells that pass sugars (made in the leaves) throughout the plant
22
Q
What makes moss different from fern, flowering plants and pines?
A
they lack an elaborative vascular tissue
23
Q
What is a lignin?
A
- a chemical reinforcing the thickened cell wall of plant tissues (including the xylem)
- this allows the plant to support itself
24
What is a gemetangia and what type of plants contain this?
- contains the gamete producing cells and coats them with a jacket of protective cells.
- mosses and ferns
25
Where can mosses and ferns only reproduce?
moist areas
26
what are pollen grains and what type of plants have these structures?
- they are structures that contain sperm-producing cells.
| - pines and flowering plants
27
what are embryophytes?
- plants that have the fertilized egg (zygote) attached to them.
- the zygote develops into an embryo here
- the plant nourishes it
28
The plant goes through a haplo-diplontic cycle. What do the haploid and diploid generations produce?
- haploid = eggs and sperm
| - diploid = spores within a structure called sporangia
29
What is a spore?
a cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another.
30
Seedless plants are usually referred to as
plants that disperse their offspring as spores
31
Flowering plants and pines have what to launch their offspring?
seeds
32
What are the advantages and disadvantages of land plants?
1) Advantage
- more access to light, CO2,
- few pathogens or herbivores
2) Disadvantage
- more support needed for the plant body
- drying was an issue
- reproduction and dispersal needed to occur without water
- needed to obtain nutrients from water and soil
33
When did land plants arise?
about 470 mya
34
when did vascular land plants arise?
- about 425 mya
35
When did seed plants arise?
- about 360 mya
36
Recite the table from Chapter 19&22 page 2
Did you get it right?
37
Recite the haplo-diplontic cycle.
Did you get it right?
38
In Bryophyte life cycle, which generation dominates?
the gametophyte
39
The sporophytes in bryophytes are smaller or larger?
smaller
40
what is the thallus of a bryophyte?
the bodies of gametophytes and sporophytes
41
Bryophytes are complex and big plants. True or False
False
42
Do bryophytes contain vascular tissues or complex tissues?
n
43
Do bryophytes produce flowers?
no
44
Where are bryophytes usually restricted to and where are they found?
- restricted to moist habitats
| - found in shady forests
45
Recite the bryophytes life cycle
Did you get it right?
46
the sporangium is supported by the stalk called?
seta
47
Where does the sporophyte develop?
on top of the female gametophyte
48
moses or bryophytes have _______ male and female gametophytes. therefore they are ____
- separate
| - dioecious
49
in a moss life cycle, where are sperms and eggs made?
- sperm = antheridia
| - egg = archegonia
50
Sperm is transferred to the female gametophyte via
splash cup technique
51
What do gametophytes have at their base?
rhizoids which are analogous to roots
52
What are and what do rhizoids do?
- tubular unicells uptake water and nutrients and anchors thallus in place
53
Where are spores formed in a moss cycle?
sporangium
54
The phylum pterophyta are also called?
ferns
55
Which generation dominates in pterophytes?
sporophytes
56
Which generation is smaller in the phylum pterophyes
gametophytes
57
Which generation in ferns contain a thallus?
gametophyte
58
describe the sporophytes in the phylum pterophytes
- they are larger and more complex, therefore they are a true plant
- they contain vascular tissues which are complex tissues
59
What do the vascular tissues do in pterophytes?
transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
60
Are pterophytes flowering plants?
no
61
What are fronds?
they are the true leaves of a pterophyte or a gern
62
Do pterophytes have true roots?
yes
63
What do ferns have on most of their surfaces and what do they do?
- waxy covering called a cuticle
| - slow water loss
64
The fronds or leaves of ferns contain what?
stomata
65
What is a stomata and what does it do?
- little pores with 2 cells on either side
- can open or close to control loss of water
- allows gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
66
What makes the fronds true leaves?
- vascular tissues, cuticle and stomata
67
The gametophytes of in the phylum pterophytes are ______ because they contain ___________ _________ & _________
- monoecious
- both
- antheridia
- archegonia
68
During the sperm transfer in the fern life cycle, what does the gametophyte need?
water
69
where are the spores produced in fern?
in the sporangia on the underside of the leaves
70
some ferns have separate leaves for spores production. True or False
True
71
Sporangia are produced in clusters called?
sorus
72
why are ferns still restricted to moist habitats?
because the gametophytes need water
73
Explain the fern life cycle
Did you get it right?
74
List the differences between a thallus and a true plant?
1) Thallus
- most cells are similar
- no specialized tissues
- no cuticle
- no stomata
- has rhizoids
- often whole structure can photosynthesize
2) True Plant
- many different types of cells
- has pecialized tissues
- has a cuticle
- has a stomata
- has true roots
- usually leaves photosynthesize
75
Which generation dominates in the phylum coniferophyta?
sporophytes
76
Do coniferophytes produce flowers>
no
77
Where are the gametophytes produced in coniferophytes?
- male gametophytes in male cones
| - female gametophytes in female cones
78
Are coniferophytes seed bearing?
yes
79
Where are the seeds produced in the phylum coniferophyta?
in the female cones
80
Explain why coniferophytes can be both monoecious and dioecious?
- monoecious = if female and male cones are produced on the same tree
- dioecious = if female and male cones are produced on different trees
81
the male gametophytes in the coniferophyte phylum can be referred to as?
pollen grains
82
how are the pollen grains or male gametophytes transferred to the female gametophyte?
through wind called pollination
83
how are sperms delivered to the egg cell in coniferophyte pollination?
through the pollen tube
84
Recite the life cycle of coniferophytes.
did you get it right?
85
Explain the coniferophyte life cycle
did you get it right?
86
What are the antophytes?
flowering plants
87
What is dominant in the life cycle of flowering plants?
sporophytes
88
what do anthophytes produce?
seeds and flowers
89
where do seeds develop in anthophytes?
- inside the fruits
90
when do seeds and fruit develop in the life cycle of anthophytes?
after fertilization occurs in the flower
91
Recite the parts of flower.
Label them
92
What do the sepals do?
- encloses the developing flower
93
What are the characteristics of sepals?
- they often photosynthesize
| - usually green but can be colored as well like the tulips
94
What are petals and what do they do?
- they are the brightly colored part of the flower
- to attract pollinators like bees
- BUT in some flowering plants, petals could be reduced inside or could also be absent in flowers that practice wind pollination (oak, poplar)
95
What does the stamen do?
they make the male gametophyte that will eventually contain sperm cells
96
What does the carpel do?
produces the female gametophyte that will eventually contain egg cells
97
The stamen is also called _________ & the carpel is also called ________
- microgametophyte
| - megagametophyte
98
some flowers produce a sugary fluid. What is it called and what is it for?
- nectar
| - to attract pollinators
99
Recite the life of cycle of anthophytes
did you get it right?
100
What is pollination?
the transfer of pollen via wind, animals or water
101
Since 2 sperm cells are sent to the ovary in flowering plants, what happens?
a) the 1st sperm fuses with the egg cell to create a diploid zygote
- the zygote becomes an embryo via mitosis
b) the 2nd sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei which comes a triploid endosperm nuclei which divides via mitosis to create triploid endosperm tissue which is a nutritive tissue for growing embryo
102
in an antrophyte and coniferohyte life cycle, is water needed for sperm transfer?
no
103
the embryo and the endospore is enclosed within the ________. Which is enclosed within the ________.
- seed
| - fruit
104
If more than one ovule was fertilized, what happens
more seeds will be made
105
fruits can be _______ or ________
fleshy (oranges) or dry (nuts)
106
What do the fruits and seeds contribute to the life cycle?
allows plants to move to new locations via dispersal
107
How can dry fruits be dispersed?
- by animals
- they gather them to eat
- seeds and fruits can also attach to animals
108
How can fleshy fruits be dispersed?
- by animals
| - they carry them in their digestive tracts
109
How else are fruits dispersed?
floating in water
110
What is an usual way of seed dispersal ?
- forcible/explosive discharge
111
Some seeds can remain _______ for years. What does this mean?
- dormant
| - they are alive but not actively growing
112
What is germination?
- the early stages of growth of embryo which grows to new sporophyte
