Chapter 22 Flashcards
0
Q
Each type of plant organ is made up of what?
A
complex tissues = made up of different types of cells
1
Q
What are the organs of a true plant?
A
roots, leaves, stems
2
Q
Label the parts of plant?
A
Did you get it right?
3
Q
How does the plant absorb water and minerals?
A
Via root hairs
4
Q
What are root hairs?
A
Unicellular, tubular outgrowth from the epidermal cell which increase the surface area for absorption
5
Q
Aside from absorbing water and minerals, what else does the root do?
A
anchors plant in place.
6
Q
What is the root apical meristem?
A
a region of cell division (mitosis) which continuously add new cells to the root
7
Q
In what direction do roots grow?
A
downward
8
Q
what is the function of the stem?
A
to support leaves and flowers
9
Q
Are the branches and trunk of a tree considered stems?
A
yes
10
Q
what is a node?
A
the place where a leaf attaches to the stem
11
Q
What is an internode?
A
the gap between two successive nodes
12
Q
What is found above each node?
A
axillary bud
13
Q
What is an axillary bud?
A
- a bud found above a node that is usually dormant but can potentially grow into a new branch
14
Q
what is the shoot apical meristem (SAM)?
A
- a region of dividing cells that continuously add cells to the shoot system
15
Q
What happens if the SAM is damaged?
A
one of the axillary buds can take over
16
Q
In what direction do shoots grow?
A
upward
17
Q
In a true plant, where does photosynthesis usually occur?
A
on the leaves
18
Q
What are leaves usually made up of?
A
a blade and a petiole
19
Q
What is the leaf called when it just has a blade?
A
a sessile leaf
20
Q
What are the two types of leaves?
A
simple leaves and compound leaves
21
Q
What are are simple leaves?
A
Blade is in one section
22
Q
What are compound leaves?
A
Blades are divided into sections which can either be pinnate or palmate
23
Q
Compare palmate compound leaves and pinnate compound leaves?
A
palmate = resembles a palm
pinnate = 2 columns of leaves.
24
What are the different types of leave arrangements?
- alternate
- opposite
- whorled
25
What are the different types of tissue system in a true plant?
1) Dermal tissue system
2) Vascular tissue system
3) Ground tissue system
26
The Dermal tissue is also called the ______
epidermis
27
What is the dermal tissue system responsible for?
do cover and protect exterior of all organs
28
How many layers are present in the dermal tissue system?
one BUT maybe multilayered if additional protection is needed eg. cactus
29
What is included in the dermal tissue system?
guard cells and root hairs
30
What is the vascular tissue system responsible for?
- support
| - to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
31
What is the vascular tissue system composed of?
the xylem and phloem
32
What is the xylem responsible for?
- it transports the water and minerals taken up by the roots to other parts of the plant
33
what type of flow is the xylem acting on?
unidirectional flow
34
What is the phloem responsible for?
- for transporting sugars to others parts of the plant that need them
- it also transports some hormones, minerals and other nutrients
35
What flow is the phloem acting on?
a bidirectional flow
36
What is the ground tissue system responsible for?
- for bulking up the plant by filling the spaces between the dermal tissue and the vascular tissue
- functions also vary
37
What is the ground tissue system responsible for in the leaves and stems of cacti?
photosynthesis
38
What is the ground tissue system responsible for in the stems of cacti and succulent leaves?
- water storage
39
What is the ground tissue system responsible for in carrot roots and potato tuber?
starch storage
40
What is the the ground system responsible for in the stems and celery petioles?
- support
41
In carrots, how are the roots modified?
For starch storage
42
In strawberries what parts are modified?
The stolons/runners are horizontal and become the above-ground stem
43
What part is modified in ginger.
The rhizoids = they become horizontal and below ground stems
44
In potatoes, what is modified?
The tubers are below ground stems modified for starch storage
45
What is modified in cacti plants?
- the leaves are modified to become spines
46
what is modified in peas?
- the leaves are modified to become tendrils
47
What is modified in grapes?
- The stem is modified to become tendrils
48
what is modified in the mexican hat plant?
the reproductives leaves with plantlets on edge
49
What is modified in celery, bock choy, rhubarb?
enlarged petioles
50
Flowers are modified ______
leaves
51
What are the two main groups of flowering plants?
monocots and dicots
52
To distinguish monocots and dicots, what characteristics are examined?
1) number of cotyledons
2) leaf venation pattern
3) arrangement of vascular tissue in stem
4) number of floral parts
5) type of roots system
53
Compare and contrast monocots and dicots in terms of the 5 characteristics.
1) number of cotyledon
- monocot = 1
- dicot = 2
2) venation leaf pattern
- monocot = parallel
- dicot = branches
3) arrangement of vascular system in stem
- monocot = complex arrangement
- dicot = ring arrangement
4) number of floral parts
- monocots = petals are in multiples of 3
- dicots = petals are in multiple of 4 or 5
5) type of root system
- monocot = fibrous roots
- dicot = taproot is usually present
54
What type of growth do plants have?
indeterminate growth which is different from the determinate growth of animals
55
What are the 3 basic types of plant growth?
- annuals
- biennials
- perennials
56
What is the annual plant growth?
- it takes one growing season for the plant to complete its life cycle
57
What is the biennial plant growth?
- it takes two growing seasons for the plant to complete its life cycle
58
What is the perennial plant growth?
- the plant can live and grow for many years and produce many crops of seeds
59
What is a meristem?
regions of tissue in plants that retain the ability to divide indefinitely.
60
What are the two types of meristem?
apical and lateral
61
What is apical meristem? Give examples
- it causes growth in length of a plant
| - shoot apical meristem & root apical meristem
62
Primary growth is another name for?
apical meristem growth
63
What is the lateral meristem? Give examples
- it causes growth in girth
| - vascular cambium and cork cambium
64
Secondary growth is also another name for?
lateral meristem growth
65
Describe the primary growth in roots
- cells divide and enlarge (lengthens)
- once the new cells finish enlarging, the cells can divide again
- the cells behind the root apical meristem elongates push the root downwards
66
What is a root cap?
it protects the tip of the root
67
Indicate the parts of the root involved in primary growth on the diagram?
did you get it right?
68
Describe the primary growth in shoots
- the cells divide and enlarges (lengthens)
- once the cell finishes enlarging, it can divide again
- the cells behind the shoot apical meristem elongates and pushes the shoot upwards.
- young leaves hover over the tip of the shoot for protection and they finish developing further back from the tip.
69
What type of plants experience secondary growth?
woody plants
70
What happens in secondary growth?
- cells divide and pushes cells towards the outside or the inside of that organ's diameter.
- the vascular cambium:
- produces secondary xylem towards the inside of the diameter
- produces secondary phloem towards the outside of the diameter (inner bark)
- the cork cambium
- produces cork towards the outside of the diameter (outer bark) and replaces the epidermis in woody plant parts
71
What is the tallest tree in the world? How tall and where are they found?
- giant coastal redwood (sequoia sempervirens)
- 115 m tall and over
- northern california
72
The science of analyzing tree ring growth factor is called?
dendrochronology
73
What can the ring growth in trees be used of?
- for aging the trees (finding out how old they are)
| - can be used to infer past weather patterns
74
When weather is favourable during growth season, what happens with ring width?
- grows wider
75
When weather is not favourable during growing season, what happens with ring width?
- it grows narrower
76
Why cant barks be used for rings?
- rings are not as obvious in bark
| - some bark generally gets lost each year
