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Biology > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

0
Q

How many lineages are there in multicellular organisms?

A

three

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1
Q

Describe the cells (function wise) in unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms.

A
  • unicellular = all activities occur in one cell

- multicellular = cells are interdependent and some become specialized for different functions

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2
Q

What are the three lineages of multicellular organisms?

A

1) red and green algae evolved from archaeplastids
2) brown algae evolved from chromalveolates
3) fungi and animals evolved from unikonts

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3
Q

Where did fungi come from?

A

nucleariids

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4
Q

Where did animals arise from?

A

choanocytes (choanoflagellates)

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5
Q

What is an animal?

A

multicellular eukaryotes

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6
Q

How did animals evolve?

A

they probably arose from unicellular protists that began living together and eventually became colonial choanocytes which evolved to become animals

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7
Q

are animals heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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8
Q

How do animals usually acquire nutrients?

A

through ingestion

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9
Q

Most adult animals are haploid. True or False

A

False

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10
Q

How do most animals reproduce?

A

sexually via the diplontic life cycle

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11
Q

are ALL animals only restricted to sexual reproduction?

A

no, some can reproduce asexually

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12
Q

What organisms classify as multicellular?

A

fungi, seaweed, animals, and plants

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13
Q

Describe the diplontic life cycle of a starfish?

A

1) a diploid female starfish goes through meiosis to produce haploid gamete cells (egg)
2) sperm from another starfish fertilizes the egg which forms a diploid zygote
2) the zygote goes through embryogenic stages
3) it becomes a larva or juvenile
4) via metamorphosis, it becomes an adult starfish

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14
Q

How old are the oldest animal fossils?

A

about 575 - 550 million years ago

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15
Q

Describe the body parts of the oldest animal fossils

A

soft body partys

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16
Q

when did animals develop hard body parts?

A

about 535-525 mya

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17
Q

How many animal phyla exist?

A

35

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18
Q

How many animal phyla are vertebrate?

A

one

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19
Q

How many animal phyla are invertebrate?

A

34

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20
Q

what are invertebrates?

A

organism that lack a vertebral column aka backbone

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21
Q

Animals vary in?

A

1) symmetry
2) presence of true tissues (number of embryonic tissue layers)
3) type of embryonic development
4) presence/absence of body cavity

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22
Q

What are the different kinds of body symmetry?

A

Radial and bilateral

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23
Q

What is a radial body symmetry?

A
  • no back or front
  • no left or right side
  • any divisional plane going through the middle from the top to bottom divides the body into 2 identical halves
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24
Q

what is a bilateral body symmetry?

A
  • it has a ventral surface (below) & a dorsal surface (top)
  • it has 2 lateral surfaces
  • an anterior end and a posterior end
  • there is one division plane that divide the body into 2 halves which are mirror images of one another
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25
Q

What is a tissue

A

a collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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26
Q

where do true tissues arise from?

A

they arise from embryonic tissue layers

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27
Q

What are the three different embryonic tissue layers?

A

1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
3) endoderm

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28
Q

what is an ectoderm?

A

the outermost tissue layer of the embryo

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29
Q

What is an endoderm?

A

the innermost layer of an embryo

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30
Q

what is a mesoderm

A

the tissue layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm

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31
Q

When an animal has all three embryonic tissue layers, what could this mean.

A

they could possibly have a body cavity

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32
Q

Define body cavity.

A

the fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall

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33
Q

Do animal cells have a CELL wall?

A

no

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34
Q

In soft bodied animals, the body cavity can function as?

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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35
Q

What is a hydrostatic skeleton

A

a structure that provides rigid structure against which muscles contract, making animals move
- formed by the body cavity in soft bodied animals

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36
Q

when animal doesnt have a body cavity, what is it called?

A

acoelomate

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37
Q

What are the two types of body cavity?

A

coelom and pseudocoelom

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38
Q

What is a coelom?

A

a body cavity in which tissues from the mesoderm completely lines it

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39
Q

What is a pseudocoelom?

A

a body cavity in which tissues from the mesoderm does not completely line it

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40
Q

what do you call an animal with a coelom?

A

coelomate

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41
Q

what do you call an animal with a pseudocoelom or a false coelom?

A

pseudocoelomate

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42
Q

Explain the embryonic layer structure in pseudocoelomates.

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, pseudocoelom, endoderm

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43
Q

Explain the embryonic tissue layer structure of a coelomate.

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, coelomate, mesoderm, endoderm

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44
Q

Explain the tissue layer structure of an acoelomate.

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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45
Q

animals who have true tissues are under the category?

A

eumetozoans

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46
Q

animals who have true tissues and have bilateral symmetry are under what category?

A

bilaterians

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47
Q

Animals who have true tissues, have bilateral symmetry and develop a mouth first during gastrulation are under what category

A

protostomes

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48
Q

Animals who have true tissues (eumetozoans), bilaterans, and develop the anus first followed by the mouth during gastrulation are under what category?

A

deuterostomes

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49
Q

Which animal phylum doesn’t contain true tissues?

A

phlyum porifera (sponges)

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50
Q

What animal phyla are considered eumetozoans

A
  • cnidarians
  • flatworms
  • nematodes
  • annelids
  • arthropods
  • mollusks
  • echinoderms
  • chordates
51
Q

Which animal phyla are eumetozoans but have radial symmetry?

A

cnidarians

52
Q

Which animal phyla are eumetozoans and bilaterians (bilateral symmetry)

A

1) flatworms
2) nematodes
3) annelids
4) arthropods
5) molluscs
6) echinoderms
7) chordates

53
Q

which animal phyla are eumetozoans, bilaterians, and protostomes?

A

1) flatworms
2) nematodes
3) annelids
4) arthropods
5) mollusks

54
Q

Which animal phyla are eumetozoans, bilaterians, deuterostomes?

A

echinoderms and chordates

55
Q

Recite the diagram from lecture 20 under the “animal diversity” slide

A

Is it right?

56
Q

What are the simplest animals?

A

Poriferas aka sponges

57
Q

Do poriferas have true tissues? If not what do they have?

A

no

- 2 layers of cells with a gelatinous material in between

58
Q

are poriferas aka sponges aquatic or terrestrial

A

aquatic

59
Q

Describe the body symmetry of porifera;s

A

most do not have any type of symmetry but some are radially symmetrical

60
Q

What are two cells found in sponges?

A

choanocytes and amoebocytes

61
Q

what type of feeders are proriferas?

A

filter feeders

62
Q

Since sponges are proriferas, how are do they filter out food in water?

A

by circulating water in through small openings on the sides and then water flows out through the top

63
Q

What special cell do cnidarians have?

A

cnidocytes which allow them to sting

64
Q

Are all sponges sessile?

A

no

65
Q

What does it mean when a sponge is sessile?

A

they stay in place and do not move

66
Q

describe the body wall of cnidarians.

A

composed of two layers of cells with mesoglea (gelatinous material) in between them

67
Q

Are cnidarians eumetozoans? If yes, what true tissues do they have?

A

1) ectoderm and endoderm

68
Q

What kind of body symmetry to cnidarians have?

A

radial symmetry

69
Q

What are the two body forms of cnidarians?

A

1) polyp

2) medusa

70
Q

Differentiate polyps and medusa

A

1) polyps = mostly stationary, cylindrical with tentacles projecting from one end (top)
2) medusa = free floating, resemble an umbrella, the tentacles are at the bottom

71
Q

Give an example of polyp cnidaria?

A

1) hydra
2) sea anemone
3) coral polyp

72
Q

give an example of a medusa cnidaria.

A

jellyfish

73
Q

How tall are hydra?

A

2-25 mm

74
Q

What is the diameter of a jellyfish

A

about 6 cm

75
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

an area where food is digested

76
Q

Which body forms of cnidarians posses a gastrovascular cavity

A

both

77
Q

The scientific word for flatworms is

A

Platyhelminthes

78
Q

What are the simplest bilaterally symmetrical animals?

A

flatworms or Platyhelminthes

79
Q

Describe the dorsal and ventral surfaces of flatworms.

A

they are flattened

80
Q

Are flatworms eumetozoans? If so, what true tissue layers do they have

A

yes

- ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

81
Q

Do flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity? If so, describe.

A

Yes

- they are more branched

82
Q

Some flatworms are parasitic and others are free-living. True or False

A

True

83
Q

what are the three major groups of flatworms?

A

1) planarians
2) flukes
3) tapeworm

84
Q

Are planarians flatworms parasitic or free living?

A

free living

85
Q

Where do planarian platyhelminthes live?

A

moist locations

86
Q

How do planarians eat?

A

through a muscular tube on the ventral surface (“mouth”)

87
Q

What do planarians eat?

A

detritus or waste

88
Q

planarians are sensitive to light. What makes it possible for them to avoid light?

A

light-sensitive eyespot

89
Q

Are fluke flatworms parasitic or free living?

A

parasitic

90
Q

Describe the life cycle of fluke flatworms.

A

It is complicated and involves more than one host

91
Q

What makes it possible for fluke flatworms to stick to their hosts

A

they have a sucker

92
Q

How do you name flukes?

A

usually after their host

93
Q

Are tapeworms parasitic or free living?

A

parasitic

94
Q

Where are tapeworms commonly found?

A

digestive tract

95
Q

Explain the life cycle of tapeworms.

A

Complicated and involves more than one host

96
Q

Do tapeworms have a digestive system?

A

No

97
Q

What do tapeworms use to attach to their host?

A

hook or a sucker

98
Q

How long can tapeworms grow up to?

A

15 m long

99
Q

The rest of a tapeworm’s body is for?

A

reproductiono

100
Q

the phylum nematoda (roundworms) have how many species?

A

about 500,000 species

101
Q

How long are roundworms?

A

from microscopic to 1 mm in length

102
Q

Are roundworms decomposers, free-living, or parasitic?

A
  • some are decomposers and free living and some are parasitic
103
Q

Give an example of a parasitic roundworm.

A

heartworms

104
Q

Describe the body symmetry of roundworms.

A

bilaterally symmetrical

105
Q

Are nematodes aka roundworms eumetozoans? If so, what tissue layers do they have?

A

Yes

- ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

106
Q

Do nematodas have a body cavity? If yes, what type.

A

Yes

pseudocoelom filled with fluid

107
Q

Describe the body of roundworms.

A

It is covered in tough, yet flexible proteinaceous cuticle

108
Q

where do the animals in the phylum rotifera (rotifers or wheel bearrers) live?

A
  • pondwater
109
Q

rotifers or wheel bearers are how long?

A

microscopic (0.5 to 2 mm)

110
Q

Describe the body and the body symmetry of rotifers or wheel bearers.

A
  • transparent and colourless

- bilaterally symmetrical

111
Q

Are rotifers eumetozoans? If so, what tissue layers present?

A

Yes

- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

112
Q

Since rotifers contain all 3 tissue layers, what body cavity do they have?

A

pseudocoelom filled with fluid

not completely lined by the mesoderm = ectoderm, mesoderm, pseudocoelom, endoderm

113
Q

What kind of feeders are the animals under the phylum rotifera?

A

filter feeders

114
Q

How do rotiferas filter feed?

A

by coordinating the beating of cilia on their anterior end

- this makes water currents that flow into their mouth

115
Q

What makes it possible for rotiferas or wheel bearers to attach to vegetation or creep along slowly.

A

their single foot with one or two toes

116
Q

The animals of phylum tardigrada (water bears) are found in?

A

every continent of lichens and mosses

117
Q

How long are water bears (tardigradas)

A

0.2-0.5 mm long

118
Q

Describe the body and the body symmetry of water bears.

A
  • 5 segmented body with 4 pairs of short limbs, each has claws on them.
  • bilaterally symmetrical
119
Q

Are water bears eumetozoans? If so, what tissue layers are present?

A
  • yes

- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

120
Q

Since tardigradas have all three tissue layers, do they have a body cavity? If so, what is it

A

yes

- pseudocoelom

121
Q

why are water bears aka tardigradas considered the most indestructible animals?

A

because they go into a dormant state called a tun

and can survive extreme cold, drying, ultraviolet, some chemicals like salt and alcohol

122
Q

So far in this chapter, what phylum have a body cavity?

A

1) nematodes, rotiferas, tardigradas

123
Q

So far in this chapter, which phylum(s) are pseudocloemates?

A

1) nematodes, rotiferas, tardigradas

124
Q

So far in this chapter, which phylum(s) is an acoelomate?

A

Platyhelminthes aka flatworms

Biology (9 decks)

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