Chapter 20 Flashcards
0
Q
How many lineages are there in multicellular organisms?
A
three
1
Q
Describe the cells (function wise) in unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms.
A
- unicellular = all activities occur in one cell
- multicellular = cells are interdependent and some become specialized for different functions
2
Q
What are the three lineages of multicellular organisms?
A
1) red and green algae evolved from archaeplastids
2) brown algae evolved from chromalveolates
3) fungi and animals evolved from unikonts
3
Q
Where did fungi come from?
A
nucleariids
4
Q
Where did animals arise from?
A
choanocytes (choanoflagellates)
5
Q
What is an animal?
A
multicellular eukaryotes
6
Q
How did animals evolve?
A
they probably arose from unicellular protists that began living together and eventually became colonial choanocytes which evolved to become animals
7
Q
are animals heterotrophic or autotrophic?
A
heterotrophic
8
Q
How do animals usually acquire nutrients?
A
through ingestion
9
Q
Most adult animals are haploid. True or False
A
False
10
Q
How do most animals reproduce?
A
sexually via the diplontic life cycle
11
Q
are ALL animals only restricted to sexual reproduction?
A
no, some can reproduce asexually
12
Q
What organisms classify as multicellular?
A
fungi, seaweed, animals, and plants
13
Q
Describe the diplontic life cycle of a starfish?
A
1) a diploid female starfish goes through meiosis to produce haploid gamete cells (egg)
2) sperm from another starfish fertilizes the egg which forms a diploid zygote
2) the zygote goes through embryogenic stages
3) it becomes a larva or juvenile
4) via metamorphosis, it becomes an adult starfish
14
Q
How old are the oldest animal fossils?
A
about 575 - 550 million years ago
15
Q
Describe the body parts of the oldest animal fossils
A
soft body partys
16
Q
when did animals develop hard body parts?
A
about 535-525 mya
17
Q
How many animal phyla exist?
A
35
18
Q
How many animal phyla are vertebrate?
A
one
19
Q
How many animal phyla are invertebrate?
A
34
20
Q
what are invertebrates?
A
organism that lack a vertebral column aka backbone
21
Q
Animals vary in?
A
1) symmetry
2) presence of true tissues (number of embryonic tissue layers)
3) type of embryonic development
4) presence/absence of body cavity
22
Q
What are the different kinds of body symmetry?
A
Radial and bilateral
23
Q
What is a radial body symmetry?
A
- no back or front
- no left or right side
- any divisional plane going through the middle from the top to bottom divides the body into 2 identical halves
24
what is a bilateral body symmetry?
- it has a ventral surface (below) & a dorsal surface (top)
- it has 2 lateral surfaces
- an anterior end and a posterior end
- there is one division plane that divide the body into 2 halves which are mirror images of one another
25
What is a tissue
a collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function
26
where do true tissues arise from?
they arise from embryonic tissue layers
27
What are the three different embryonic tissue layers?
1) ectoderm
2) mesoderm
3) endoderm
28
what is an ectoderm?
the outermost tissue layer of the embryo
29
What is an endoderm?
the innermost layer of an embryo
30
what is a mesoderm
the tissue layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm
31
When an animal has all three embryonic tissue layers, what could this mean.
they could possibly have a body cavity
32
Define body cavity.
the fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall
33
Do animal cells have a CELL wall?
no
34
In soft bodied animals, the body cavity can function as?
hydrostatic skeleton
35
What is a hydrostatic skeleton
a structure that provides rigid structure against which muscles contract, making animals move
- formed by the body cavity in soft bodied animals
36
when animal doesnt have a body cavity, what is it called?
acoelomate
37
What are the two types of body cavity?
coelom and pseudocoelom
38
What is a coelom?
a body cavity in which tissues from the mesoderm completely lines it
39
What is a pseudocoelom?
a body cavity in which tissues from the mesoderm does not completely line it
40
what do you call an animal with a coelom?
coelomate
41
what do you call an animal with a pseudocoelom or a false coelom?
pseudocoelomate
42
Explain the embryonic layer structure in pseudocoelomates.
Ectoderm, mesoderm, pseudocoelom, endoderm
43
Explain the embryonic tissue layer structure of a coelomate.
ectoderm, mesoderm, coelomate, mesoderm, endoderm
44
Explain the tissue layer structure of an acoelomate.
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
45
animals who have true tissues are under the category?
eumetozoans
46
animals who have true tissues and have bilateral symmetry are under what category?
bilaterians
47
Animals who have true tissues, have bilateral symmetry and develop a mouth first during gastrulation are under what category
protostomes
48
Animals who have true tissues (eumetozoans), bilaterans, and develop the anus first followed by the mouth during gastrulation are under what category?
deuterostomes
49
Which animal phylum doesn't contain true tissues?
phlyum porifera (sponges)
50
What animal phyla are considered eumetozoans
- cnidarians
- flatworms
- nematodes
- annelids
- arthropods
- mollusks
- echinoderms
- chordates
51
Which animal phyla are eumetozoans but have radial symmetry?
cnidarians
52
Which animal phyla are eumetozoans and bilaterians (bilateral symmetry)
1) flatworms
2) nematodes
3) annelids
4) arthropods
5) molluscs
6) echinoderms
7) chordates
53
which animal phyla are eumetozoans, bilaterians, and protostomes?
1) flatworms
2) nematodes
3) annelids
4) arthropods
5) mollusks
54
Which animal phyla are eumetozoans, bilaterians, deuterostomes?
echinoderms and chordates
55
Recite the diagram from lecture 20 under the "animal diversity" slide
Is it right?
56
What are the simplest animals?
Poriferas aka sponges
57
Do poriferas have true tissues? If not what do they have?
no
| - 2 layers of cells with a gelatinous material in between
58
are poriferas aka sponges aquatic or terrestrial
aquatic
59
Describe the body symmetry of porifera;s
most do not have any type of symmetry but some are radially symmetrical
60
What are two cells found in sponges?
choanocytes and amoebocytes
61
what type of feeders are proriferas?
filter feeders
62
Since sponges are proriferas, how are do they filter out food in water?
by circulating water in through small openings on the sides and then water flows out through the top
63
What special cell do cnidarians have?
cnidocytes which allow them to sting
64
Are all sponges sessile?
no
65
What does it mean when a sponge is sessile?
they stay in place and do not move
66
describe the body wall of cnidarians.
composed of two layers of cells with mesoglea (gelatinous material) in between them
67
Are cnidarians eumetozoans? If yes, what true tissues do they have?
1) ectoderm and endoderm
68
What kind of body symmetry to cnidarians have?
radial symmetry
69
What are the two body forms of cnidarians?
1) polyp
| 2) medusa
70
Differentiate polyps and medusa
1) polyps = mostly stationary, cylindrical with tentacles projecting from one end (top)
2) medusa = free floating, resemble an umbrella, the tentacles are at the bottom
71
Give an example of polyp cnidaria?
1) hydra
2) sea anemone
3) coral polyp
72
give an example of a medusa cnidaria.
jellyfish
73
How tall are hydra?
2-25 mm
74
What is the diameter of a jellyfish
about 6 cm
75
what is a gastrovascular cavity?
an area where food is digested
76
Which body forms of cnidarians posses a gastrovascular cavity
both
77
The scientific word for flatworms is
Platyhelminthes
78
What are the simplest bilaterally symmetrical animals?
flatworms or Platyhelminthes
79
Describe the dorsal and ventral surfaces of flatworms.
they are flattened
80
Are flatworms eumetozoans? If so, what true tissue layers do they have
yes
| - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
81
Do flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity? If so, describe.
Yes
| - they are more branched
82
Some flatworms are parasitic and others are free-living. True or False
True
83
what are the three major groups of flatworms?
1) planarians
2) flukes
3) tapeworm
84
Are planarians flatworms parasitic or free living?
free living
85
Where do planarian platyhelminthes live?
moist locations
86
How do planarians eat?
through a muscular tube on the ventral surface ("mouth")
87
What do planarians eat?
detritus or waste
88
planarians are sensitive to light. What makes it possible for them to avoid light?
light-sensitive eyespot
89
Are fluke flatworms parasitic or free living?
parasitic
90
Describe the life cycle of fluke flatworms.
It is complicated and involves more than one host
91
What makes it possible for fluke flatworms to stick to their hosts
they have a sucker
92
How do you name flukes?
usually after their host
93
Are tapeworms parasitic or free living?
parasitic
94
Where are tapeworms commonly found?
digestive tract
95
Explain the life cycle of tapeworms.
Complicated and involves more than one host
96
Do tapeworms have a digestive system?
No
97
What do tapeworms use to attach to their host?
hook or a sucker
98
How long can tapeworms grow up to?
15 m long
99
The rest of a tapeworm's body is for?
reproductiono
100
the phylum nematoda (roundworms) have how many species?
about 500,000 species
101
How long are roundworms?
from microscopic to 1 mm in length
102
Are roundworms decomposers, free-living, or parasitic?
- some are decomposers and free living and some are parasitic
103
Give an example of a parasitic roundworm.
heartworms
104
Describe the body symmetry of roundworms.
bilaterally symmetrical
105
Are nematodes aka roundworms eumetozoans? If so, what tissue layers do they have?
Yes
| - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
106
Do nematodas have a body cavity? If yes, what type.
Yes
| pseudocoelom filled with fluid
107
Describe the body of roundworms.
It is covered in tough, yet flexible proteinaceous cuticle
108
where do the animals in the phylum rotifera (rotifers or wheel bearrers) live?
- pondwater
109
rotifers or wheel bearers are how long?
microscopic (0.5 to 2 mm)
110
Describe the body and the body symmetry of rotifers or wheel bearers.
- transparent and colourless
| - bilaterally symmetrical
111
Are rotifers eumetozoans? If so, what tissue layers present?
Yes
| - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
112
Since rotifers contain all 3 tissue layers, what body cavity do they have?
pseudocoelom filled with fluid
| not completely lined by the mesoderm = ectoderm, mesoderm, pseudocoelom, endoderm
113
What kind of feeders are the animals under the phylum rotifera?
filter feeders
114
How do rotiferas filter feed?
by coordinating the beating of cilia on their anterior end
| - this makes water currents that flow into their mouth
115
What makes it possible for rotiferas or wheel bearers to attach to vegetation or creep along slowly.
their single foot with one or two toes
116
The animals of phylum tardigrada (water bears) are found in?
every continent of lichens and mosses
117
How long are water bears (tardigradas)
0.2-0.5 mm long
118
Describe the body and the body symmetry of water bears.
- 5 segmented body with 4 pairs of short limbs, each has claws on them.
- bilaterally symmetrical
119
Are water bears eumetozoans? If so, what tissue layers are present?
- yes
| - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
120
Since tardigradas have all three tissue layers, do they have a body cavity? If so, what is it
yes
| - pseudocoelom
121
why are water bears aka tardigradas considered the most indestructible animals?
because they go into a dormant state called a tun
| and can survive extreme cold, drying, ultraviolet, some chemicals like salt and alcohol
122
So far in this chapter, what phylum have a body cavity?
1) nematodes, rotiferas, tardigradas
123
So far in this chapter, which phylum(s) are pseudocloemates?
1) nematodes, rotiferas, tardigradas
124
So far in this chapter, which phylum(s) is an acoelomate?
Platyhelminthes aka flatworms
