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Chapter 18 Flashcards

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0
Q

are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

mostly multicellular but some are unicellular

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1
Q

Fungi includes moulds, ______. _____. ______

A
  • mushrooms
  • chytrids
  • yeasts
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2
Q

Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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3
Q

How do fungi digest their food?

A
  • they use extracellular digestion by secreting enzymes to digest large molecules outside the them and later absorb the small molecules
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4
Q

Fungi store their food as ?

A

glycogen = a carbohydrate

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5
Q

Fungi are mostly made up of?

A

Mass of threadlike hyphae

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6
Q

a whole mass of hyphae is called?

A

mycelium

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7
Q

Hyphae can grow into or between cells and then release their enzymes. True or False

A

True

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8
Q

Hyphae have a small surface area to secrete enzymes and absorb food. True of False

A

False, they have a huge surface area.

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9
Q

Do hyphae only consume living or dead cells or both?

A

both

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10
Q

If conditions are right, what happens to the status of hyphae?

A

they can grow and expand to cover new areas really fast.

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11
Q

What do hyphae need to grow?

A

moisture

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12
Q

Fungi hyphae are made up of?

A

chains of cells

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13
Q

do hyphae cells contain a cell wall?

A

yes

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14
Q

What are hyphae cell walls made up of?

A

chitin

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15
Q

What is chitin?

A

a nitrogen containing polysaccharide

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16
Q

Other than cell walls, what do hyphae cells have?

A

cross walls (some hypahe)

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17
Q

what do hyphae with cross walls have in between and other hyphae cells?

A

pores in the septum

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18
Q

Hyphae without cross walls are called?

A

multinucleated fungi

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19
Q

Other fungi that do not make hyphae are multicellular. True or False

A

False. they can be unicellular

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20
Q

How are fungi species classified?

A

by examining the sexual reproduction structures

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21
Q

What are the 5 different groups of fungi

A

1) chytridiomycetes or chytrids
2) zygomycetes or zygote
3) glomeromycete or arbuscular fungi
4) ascomycete or sac fungi
5) basidiomycetes or club fungi

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22
Q

Are chytridiomycetes single celled or multicellular

A

both

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23
Q

What do chytrids have?

A

their spores have flagella

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24
what are chytrids' role in nature?
they are decomposers, parasites and symbionts (help digestion)
25
Give an example of a chytridiomycete.
chitridium
26
Are zygomyecete or zygote fungi multicellular or uniceullar
multicellular
27
What do zygomycetes form?
- they form zygosporangium that releases spores
28
What role do zygote fungi take on in nature?
they are parasites and decomposers on plants and animals
29
Give an example of a zygomycete.
black bread mould aka rhizopus stolonifera
30
are glomeromycetes unicellular or multicellular?
multicellular
31
What role do arbuscular fungi or glomeromycete take on in nature?
endomycorrhizae - their hypha push into plant roots and form branched arbuscles (they attach on the cell not the surface) - they help the plant absorb water and nutrients - and the plant shares carbohydrates with them
32
Give an example of an abuscular fungi
glomus mossae
33
Are ascomycetes or sac fungi unicellular or multi?
- some are unicellular such as saccharomyces or candida albicans (yeast) - the rest are multicellular such as penicillium and aspergillus
34
Multicellular ascomycetes make what?
spores in asci (a sac)
35
Are ascomycetes edible? Give examples if yes.
some are - morchella esculenta (edible morels) - tuber melanosporum (truffles)
36
What role(s) do sac fungi take on in nature?
- some are ectomycorrhizae = they grow on the surface of plant roots with a mutualistic relationship - some are decomposers and form lichens and some are pathogens (claviceps purpurea = ergot of rye and lysergic acid)
37
Are basidiomycetes or club fungi unicellular or multicellular?
multicellular
38
What do basidiomycetes make?
spores in the mushroom (basidium)
39
What falls in the basidiomycetes classification?
- mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket/shelf fungi
40
What role(s) do basidiomycetes take on in nature?
They are important decomposers in forests (they break down wood and logs)
41
Are club fungi edible? If yes, give example
Some are - armillaria (honey mushroom some are poisonous - amanita phalloides (death cap)
42
are basidiomycetes disease causing? If yes, give examples
- yes some - eg. ustilago maydis (corn smut) - puccinia graminis (black stem rust of wheat)
43
How do unicellular fungi reproduce?
by asexual reproduction = budding (mitosis)
44
How do multicellular fungi reproduce?
- various ways and life cycle - hyphae can fragment and spread or produce single-celled spores in special structure - while others have variations of haplo-diplontic life cycle or haplontic life cycle
45
Briefly describe the haplontic life cycle of fungi
- most of the life cycle is haploid - there's only one diploid structure present (zygote, zygospore, zygosporangium) - which goes through meiosis to release haploid spores of different mating types (therefore genetically different) - the spores can then spread around and germinate making a new hyphae (haploid) and the hyphae can produce spores as well
46
In details explain the haplontic life cycle of fungi?
fusion of cytoplasm (heterokaryotic stage n + n) ---> fusion of nuclei (heterokaryotic stage n+n) --> zygote (2n) --> meiosis --> spore producing structures (n) --> spores (n) --> germination ---> hyphae (mycelium [n] --> spore producing structures (n)[asexual reproduction] --> spores (n)[asexual reproduction] --> germination[n]---> hyphae (mycelium) [n]
47
How do hyphae of different mating types reproduce?
cell fusion of the different mating types of hyphae (n) --> hetekaryotic stage which produces young zygosporangium --> the nuclei fuses (2n) ---> meiosis --> sporangium (n) ---> spores
48
What are lichens?
- symbiotic associations of fungi with unicellular photosynthetic organisms like green algae or cyanobacteria - it is an endosymbiosis and often mutualism
49
What happens in a lichen?
the fungus gains sugar from the photosynthetic organism and the photosynthetic organism gets nutrients and water from the fungus and shelter as well.
50
are lichens random association?
no. | - usually certain fungi are associated with specific photosynthesizers
51
Where do lichens live?
- on places other organism can't live on like rocks or tree bark
52
What type of weather can lichens endure?
harsh weather
53
What are lichens sensitive to?
air pollution
54
What's the growing rate of lichens?
quite slow
55
What have lichens been used for?
biological monitors
56
Lichens are often mistaken as?
moss (reindeer moss)
57
What are the 3 main lichen growths?
1) Crustose 2) Fruticose 3) Foliose
58
What is crustose lichen growth? give examples
- often powdery or flat | - parmelia (pale green) & xanthoria (orange) on tree bark
59
What is a fruticose lichen growth? give examples
- more filamentous and shrubby - usnea (old man's beard) - cladonia (reindeer's moss)
60
What is a foliose lichen growth? give examples
- leaf- like | - peltigera (dog lichen)

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