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Chapter 39 Flashcards

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1
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, cellulose-digesting prokaryotes or protists are linked with?

A

herbivores

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2
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae are linked with?

A

plant roots

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3
Q

In terms of symbiotic relationship, cyanobacteria or dinoflagellates are linked with?

A

coral animals

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4
Q

Explain a mutualistic relationship.

A

both species benefit from the relationship

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5
Q

Explain a parasitic relationship

A

one specie benefits while the other is harmed.

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6
Q

Explain commensalism.

A

One specie benefits while the other is neither harmed or benefits

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7
Q

The organisms involved in a symbiotic relationships are called

A

symbionts

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8
Q

What is endosymbiosis

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside the other

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9
Q

Symbiotic relationships can create new species. True or False

A

True

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10
Q

Organelles cannot persist in other organisms. True or False

A

False

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11
Q

what are the three types of mutualism?

A

habitat mutualism
service mutualism
trophic mutualism

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12
Q

What is trophic mutualism

A

a nutritional gain of some sort

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13
Q

What is habitual mutualism.

A

A mutualistic relationship where housing/shelter is provided

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14
Q

What is service mutualism

A

A mutualistic relationship where both organism gain an advantage often reproductive or defensive.

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15
Q

What is diffusive/faculative mutualism?

A

When one or both species in the relationship have multiple partners/relationships

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16
Q

What is an obligated mutualism?

A

when relationship is species-specific

- often neither partner can survive on their own

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17
Q

What is an example of a diffusive/facultative mutualism

A

flowers are pollinated by many insects

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18
Q

What is an example of an obligated mutualism?

A

yucca moth and yucca

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19
Q

Why are yuccas and yucca moths considered an obligated mutualism?

A

because the yucca moth is the only pollinators of the plant yucca
and the larvae of the yucca moth can only develop in the yucca plant

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20
Q

Mutualism can involve more than 2 partners. True or False

A

True

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21
Q

Explain the mutualistic relationship of a tree, fungus and a rodent.

A

1) the rodent is directly mutualistic with the fungus
- fungus provides truffles for rodent to eat
- the rodent provides dispersal for the fungus
2) the tree is directly mutualistic with the fungus
- fungus gets sugars from tree
- tree gains enhanced nutrients and water uptake
3) rodent is indirectly mutualistic with the tree

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22
Q

Parasites obtain what from their host?

A

part of its nutrients

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23
Q

Parasites always kill their host. True or False

A

False

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24
Q

What do you call parasites that live on their host. give an example.

A

Ectoparasites

dodder

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25
What do you call parasites that live in their host. Give an example.
Endoparasites | - eg. tapeworm
26
Parasites can be?
1) Generalists | 2) Specialists
27
What are generalist parasites?
Parasites that can live in a wide range of environments and can use plenty of resources
28
What are specialist parasites
parasites that can only live in a narrow range of environments and use limited resources
29
What are two modes of transmission in parasitic relationships.
1) active transmission | 2) passive transmission
30
Differentiate passive and active transmission in parasites.
Passive = the parasite doesn't look for its host. The host comes to them by accident usually or coincidentally active = when the parasite itself finds its host
31
Give an example of a passive transmission.
Vector transmission
32
What is vector transmission.
A type of passive parasitic transmission in which a biting insect or tick transmits a disease or parasite to a host
33
In terms of commensalism, clownfish are linked to?
sea anemones
34
In terms of commensalism, bisons are linked with
insect-eating birds
35
In terms of commensalism, epiphytes are linked with?
trees
36
In terms of commensalism, burrs are linked to?
animals
37
In terms of commensalism, staghorn ferns are linked to?
trees
38
What is mimicry?
a debatable symbiotic relationship in which an organism (mimic) copies the appearance of another species (model)
39
What are different kinds of mimicry?
1) batesian mimicry 2) mullerian mimicry 3) aggressive mimicry 4) pouyannian mimicry
40
What is batesian mimicry?
A type of mimicry where the mimic copies the models appearance (bright color patterns of model) - the model is venomous/toxic and the mimic is not
41
What is a mullerian mimicry?
A type of mimicry in which the mimic copies the model's appearance and both organisms are toxic
42
What is an aggressive mimicry
a type of mimicry in which predators or parasites (mimic) copy or have similar appearance to a prey
43
What is pouyannian mimicry?
when a flower mimics a female or male of species of an insect to try to attract the opposite sex and have sex with them?
44
What is an example of a batesian mimicry?
coral snakes and king snakes
45
what is an example of a mullerian mimicry?
monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly
46
Whats an example of an aggressive mimicry?
cleaner wrasse and sabre-toothed blenny
47
give an example of pouyannian mimicry.
orchid and wasp
48
In terms of symbiotic relationship, nitrogen fixing bacteria are linked with?
plant roots
49
What is coevolution?
a change of biological object triggered by the change of a biological object
50
Do sponges have a nervous system?
no
51
Describe the nervous system of radially symmetrical animals like hydras and seastars
- no brain | - their nervous system has a net-like arrangement
52
bilaterally symmetrical animals evolved a _______. This is called _______
head end | -cephalization
53
Describe the nervous system of bilaterally animals
some have a brain and some only have a ganglia | - nerve cords are present
54
What is a ganglia.
It is a cluster of neurones usually cell bodies
55
What are nerve cords?
a bundle of elongates neurones
56
What makes up a nervous system?
brain, ganglia, nerve cords and individual neurones
57
The vertebral nervous system is composed of?
central and peripheral nervous system
58
What is the central nervous system made up of?
Brain and spinal cord
59
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?
1) cranial nerves 2) spinal nerves 3) ganglia
60
what is the functional unit of the nervous system?
neurones
61
what is a nerve?
it consists of a bundle of neurones tightly wrapped in a CT
62
Animal mobility relies on what?
similar cellular movements and muscle cells working with neurones and the skeletal system as well
63
Why is there less friction, in walking, hopping running?
because air is involved
64
in walking, hopping running what needs to be overcome and what is essential
gravity | - good balance
65
with burrowing and crawling, is there more friction or less friction to overcome?
more friction
66
In burrowing and crawling, how is it in terms of gravity?
it's more stable
67
How do snakes move?
via forward or side to side undulation
68
How do centipedes and polychaetes move?
through their short appendages
69
How do earthworms move
via peristalsis
70
Explain the peristalsis movement associated with earthworms?
its a combination of muscle contraction and relaxation - when the circular muscle - runs vertically is contracting (it gets bigger) the longitudinal muscle -- runs horizontally is relaxing (it gets smaller) and an alternation happens
71
What animals glide?
snail and planarian
72
With gliding, how is friction lessened and adhesion aided ?
by secreting mucous
73
In gliding, what provides motion?
cilia or muscular contraction
74
In swimming, what supports the animal
water
75
Water slows locomotion by friction. True or False
True
76
What helps seals and fish to swim?
their fins or flippers with body undulation
77
what helps squid swim?
Jet propulsion
78
In cnidarians like sea stars, what do they use for locomotion?
their water vascular system
79
Explain the water vascular system of seastars
Water is drawn from the outside into the animal's network of canals - water goes in through the tube feet which project outside of the body
80
What allows seastars suck on stick onto surfaces?
their tube feet
81
What is used as airfoils in flying animals?
their wings
82
what causes the animals to fly
The shape of their wings (top is convex and the underneath is concave or flattened). - the air pressure underneath is higher because curvy top causes air molecules longer. - as a result the big pressure difference causes flying animals to fly
83
Skeletons and muscles do NOT work together. True of False
False
84
In terms of muscle and skeleton working, what does the muscle provide?
it provides the force needed to overcome gravity and friction
85
In terms of muscle and skeleton working, what do the skeletons provide?
1) body support 2) anchoring points for muscles to facilitate movement 3) protection of internal organs
86
What are the three types of animal skeletons?
1) hydrostatic skeleton 2) endoskeleton 3) exoskeleton
87
describe hydrostatic skeleton.
they contain fluid under pressure in a closed body compartment
88
What do hydrostatic skeletons do?
1) support muscle actions 2) body shape 3) cushion internal organs
89
animals with hydrostatic skeletons are?
- hydra - roundworms - polychaetes - rotifers - water bears - segmented worms
90
what are exoskeletons?
rigid external coverings
91
What exoskeletons made up of>
chitin or proteins | calcium carbonate
92
Give examples of animals with exoskeleton made up of chitin or protein
arthropods (shrimp, insects, crabs)
93
Give some examples of animals with exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate.
mollusk shells (snails, clam)
94
to permit growth of exoskeleton, what happens
they need to be shed
95
What are endoskeletons.
consist of hard or leathery elements embedded within soft tissues
96
endoskeletons may be made up of?
1) cartilage 2) cartilage and bones (calcium phosphate) 3) spicules (calcium silica and protein) 4) calcium carbonate plates
97
Which animals have endoskeletons made up of cartilages?
lamprey and sharks
98
Which animals have endoskeletons made up of cartilages and bones
mammals, bony fishes, amphibians, birds and reptiles
99
Which animals have endoskeletons made up of spicules?
sponges
100
Which animals have endoskeletons made up of calcium carbonate plates?
sea stars and sea urchins

Biology (9 decks)

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