Chapter 13

Question 1

prosocial behaviour

Answer 1

actions that provide benefit to others

ex. giving someone your notes

Question 2

altruism

Answer 2

actions that benefit others, but not oneself, and that involve some costs to the actor
ex. running into a burning building to save a stranger

Question 3

kitty genovese example

Answer 3

got jumped and stabbed, and no one came to help even though there were a lot of people around

Question 4

why do people help?

Answer 4

• evolution
• social exchange
• empathy

Question 5

social exchange theory

Answer 5

• we act in ways that will maximize rewards & minimize costs
• altruism does not exist
• helping others rewards us

Question 6

ways helping others rewards us

Answer 6

• increased likelihood of receiving help
• decreased personal distress
• increase social approval and/or self-worth

Question 7

altruism doesn’t exist because

Answer 7

we always derive some kind of benefit

Question 8

increased likelihood of receiving help - example

Answer 8

if you help a friend move, when you move out, they will help you move

Question 9

decreased personal distress

Answer 9

we might feel badly if we don’t help someone that is in need

Question 10

empathy

Answer 10

• altruism does exist
• empathy-altruism hypothesis
• if no empathy, then social exchange prevails

Question 11

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 11

when we feel empathy for somebody else, we will help for purely altruistic reasons regardless of what we may or may not have to gain

Question 12

personal determinants of helping

Answer 12

• individual differences
• gender
• culture
• mood

Question 13

individual differences

Answer 13

• altruistic personality type
• very little consistency across situations
• altruistic personalities are not more likely to help
• different kinds of people help in different situations

Question 14

altruistic personality type

Answer 14

• it’s part of who they are

Question 15

gender

Answer 15

equally likely to engage in prosocial behaviours but in different types of situations

Question 16

gender - men

Answer 16

• heroic
• chivalrous helping
  ex. holding a door open, running into a burning building

Question 17

gender - women

Answer 17

• nurturing
• helping
• longer term commitment
  ex. taking food over to a neighbour who is ill

Question 18

culture

Answer 18

• cross cultural similarities

- collectivist cultures

Question 19

cross-culture similarities

Answer 19

• help in group more than out group

Question 20

collectivist cultures

Answer 20

• stronger boundaries between in group and out group

- even more likely to help in group and less likely to help out group

Question 21

mood

Answer 21

plays a huge role in prosocial behaviour

Question 22

more likely to help when

Answer 22

• in a good mood
• feeling guilty
• feeling intense sadness

Question 23

negative state relief hypothesis

Answer 23

• when you’re feeling sad about something in your life, helping someone else can make you feel better

Question 24

in a good mood example

Answer 24

dime in the phone booth

• those who found a dime were 84% more likely to help
• those who did not find a dime, only 4% helped

Question 25

feeling guilty example

Answer 25

more donations were made before people went to confess in church than they did after

Question 26

why good mood can help facilitate prosocial behaviour

Answer 26

- interpret events more as positive - prolongs our good mood - can facilitate self-attention

Question 27

self- attention

Answer 27

when you have a greater self attention you are more likely to act in ways that better reflect your underlining values (mostly of us like to think e are a good and kind person, so we will act that way)

Question 28

situational determinants of helping

Answer 28

- rural/urban environments - bystander effect - nature of the relationship

Question 29

rural/urban environment

Answer 29

- people who like in more rural are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour - urban overload hypothesis

Question 30

urban overload hypothesis

Answer 30

- milgram - it doesn't matter if you are from a rural or urban area, instead whats important is where that situation occurs - that in urban areas there is a sensory overload, so we slip in low effort thinking, so we don't notice everything going on

Question 31

rural/urban environment - population size

Answer 31

it is not the population size that matters, but the density | ex. one million people in a small area vs. one million people in a wide spread area

Question 32

bystander effect

Answer 32

- darley & latane | - diffusion of responsibility

Question 33

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 33

how much responsibility you feel for helping someone in need, is dependent on how many other people are around at that time

Question 34

bystander effect - 5 step cognitive process

Answer 34

1. notice something is happening 2. perceive situation as urgent 3. assume responsibility 4. decide what to do 5. do it

Question 35

factor that may interfere with the process based on each step

Answer 35

1. low effort thinking (cognitive misers) and urban-overload hypothesis 2. pluralistic ignorance (informational social influence) 3. diffusion of responsibility 4. lack of knowledge on what to do 5. don't have the skills, cost-benefit analysis

Question 36

cost benefit analysis

Answer 36

you know whats supposed to be done but the risks are too great

Question 37

things that can facilitate prosocial behaviour/prevent the bystander effect

Answer 37

- if you initiate people are more likely to join in | - if you give direction to people they are more likely to help

Question 38

nature of relationships

Answer 38

- communal relationships | - exchange relationship

Question 39

communal relationships

Answer 39

- occur between on-going relationships with - you care about their well-being - more likely to engaged in prosocial behaviour ex. family and friends

Question 40

exchange relationships

Answer 40

- occur between strangers or loose relationships | - less likely to engage in prosocial behaviour

Question 41

affects of the nature of helping

Answer 41

less likely to engage in prosocial behaviour if you envy those you are in a communal relationship with, if so you are more likely to help a stranger

Question 42

increasing helping

Answer 42

- rewards - modelling - being aware of barriers to helping

Question 43

Things to consider when offering rewards

Answer 43

over justification effect - if you over do it, they will only do it for the reward - instead of providing tangible rewards, provide intangible awards