Chapter 4

Question 1

self concept

Answer 1

• physical
• social
• psychological
• holistic
  (what you know about yourself)

Question 2

self concept - physical

Answer 2

what is on your ID

ex. female, brunette, short

Question 3

self concept - social

Answer 3

• based on relationships you have with other people
• relationship or group based
  ex. mother, Canadian, oilers fan

Question 4

self concept - psychological

Answer 4

• personality traits, attitudes, psychological states

ex. bored, shy, ambitious

Question 5

self concept - holistic

Answer 5

• vague and very general

ex. human being, everything I’m meant to be

Question 6

self concepts start

Answer 6

when you’re young but grow into holistic as you get older, you might not even get there

Question 7

why is self concept important

Answer 7

• organizational functions
• executive function
• emotional function

Question 8

organizational functions

Answer 8

• understand ourselves

Question 9

executive function

Answer 9

plan our behaviour

ex. i hate math, I’m not gonna major in math

Question 10

emotional function

Answer 10

determine our emotional responses

ex. if you’re shy and your professor calls you out, you’ll have a negative response

Question 11

cultural differences

Answer 11

• individualistic cultures

- collectivist cultures

Question 12

individualistic cultures

Answer 12

independent view of self

• prioritize individual needs and personal fulfillment
• favour psychological characteristics
• canada, us, Australia

Question 13

collectivist cultures

Answer 13

interdependent view of self

• prioritize the well being of a group
• favor social characteristics
• asian and middle eastern cultures

Question 14

gender differences - men

Answer 14

• more independent view (more psychological characteristics)

- collective interdependence (groups they belong to)

Question 15

gender differences - women

Answer 15

• more interdependent view (social characteristics)

- relational interdependence (highlighting relationships with other people)

Question 16

how do we come to know ourselves

Answer 16

• introspection
• observing our won behaviours
• self-schemas
• social interactions

Question 17

introspection

Answer 17

• thinking about ourselves
• self awareness theory
• makes us self-conscious
• can have negative and positive effects

Question 18

self awareness theory

Answer 18

who we are right now vs. who we want to/should be

Question 19

escapist

Answer 19

• negative effects of introspection
• doing something to make yourself stop thinking
  ex. alcohol use, binging on food or netflix

Question 20

observing our own behaviours

Answer 20

• self perception theory

- influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Question 21

self perception theory

Answer 21

• learn something about ourselves when we are uncertain
  ex. environmentalist? you look back at your behaviours like, recycling or not
• learn something about ourselves when we freely choose a behaviour
  ex. only throwing something in the recycling because someone told you to

Question 22

intrinsic motivations

Answer 22

if you’re doing it for yourself

- if you’re good at it

Question 23

extrinsic motivation

Answer 23

if you’re forced to do something

Question 24

overjustification effect

Answer 24

occurs when you reward someone that engaged in a behaviour they are interested in but give them an external award - you can make that intrinsic motivation disappear

ex. when a child loves to play piano, parents put him in lessons, you reward your child every time your child practices, you may destroy interest - they are no longer playing because they love it but because they want the reward
- performance related (you mastered it, you get a reward)
- task related (you participated, you get a reward)

Question 25

self-schemas

Answer 25

- important to the organization function of self - affects what we notice, interpret and remember - your self concept as a whole is one big schema but is made up of other smaller schemas - self reference effect

Question 26

self-reference effect

Answer 26

- it is easier or us to remember when we can connect it back to ourselves - when we take a new piece of information and we find a way we can relate to it more

Question 27

social interactions and self

Answer 27

- looking glass self | - social comparison

Question 28

looking glass self

Answer 28

symbolic interactionism | - when we are engaged in social interactions with other people we see/learn something about ourselves

Question 29

the looking glass process

Answer 29

1. we imagine how we appear to others 2. we imagine what they think of that appearance 3. we incorporate that perceived judgement into our self

Question 30

high looking glass self orientation

Answer 30

what they believe other people think of them plays a huge role in their self perception - less stability in self concept (depending on who they are interacting with) - less clarity in self concept (weak understanding of self)

Question 31

low looking glass self orientation

Answer 31

what they believe other people think of them plays a small role in their self perception

Question 32

social comparison

Answer 32

when objective criteria aren't present for self evaluation, we compare ourself to others (ex. if you're unsure if you're good at a subject you look at the class average)

Question 33

downward comparison

Answer 33

we compare ourselves to people who are worse off (below us) than we are

Question 34

upward comparison

Answer 34

we compare ourself to people who are better off (above us) than we are

Question 35

self esteem is affect by

Answer 35

- self concept clarity - discrepancy between actual and ideal selves (if we have high self esteem we are motivated to change it) something about it - looking glass self - social comparasion

Question 36

self esteem

Answer 36

how you feel about yourself

Question 37

the looking glass self and self esteem

Answer 37

in your interactions with others, you see yourself as a good fundament person then you are more likely to think that about yourself

Question 38

performance related - over justification effect

Answer 38

you mastered it, you get a reward

Question 39

task related - over justification effect

Answer 39

you participated, you get a reward

Question 40

self enhancement

Answer 40

- do frequency engage - unrealistically positive view of ourselves - we tend to see ourselves as better than the average person - we tend to feel better about ourselves

Question 41

self verification

Answer 41

- we seek accurate information about ourselves - ex.how your academic skills are vs. others - can motivate you to improve yourself

Question 42

factors that influence self verification vs. self enhancement

Answer 42

1. depends on the quality involved (ex. when a quality is not important to you - se, when a quality is -sv) 2. depends on who are are interacting with (ex. if they're important to us, we are more interested in the truth -sv) 3. depends on whether we can change (ex. can't change -se, can change - sv)