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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 13 - Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Neural Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

What is the transmission of signals in the nervous system?

A
  • Body parts to the central nervous system

- Central nervous system to the body parts

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1
Q
  • Coordinate all body systems

- Accomplished by the transmission of signals

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

What kind of signaling does the nervous system do?

A

Electrochemical signaling

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3
Q
  • Slower scale

- Uses chemicals in the blood stream called hormones

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

Nervous system is made up of many organs, each composed of several tissues

A
  • Connective tissues
  • Blood vessels
  • Neurons
  • Neuroglia
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5
Q

Two groups and divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central NS

2. Peripheral NS

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6
Q

Brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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7
Q

Cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

A

PNS

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8
Q

Five characteristics of the CNS

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Covered by meninges
  • Starts as a hollow tube
  • Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
  • Integration center
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9
Q

Three components to the PNS

A
  • Consists of CRANIAL and SPINAL NERVES and GANGLIA that contain both SENSORY and MOTOR FIBERS
  • Connects CNS to muscles, glands and all sensory receptors
  • Brings info to and from the CNS
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10
Q

Two divisions of the PNS

A

Afferent division = sensory

Efferent division = motor

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11
Q

Two divisions of the efferent division

A

Somatic division = conscious

Autonomic division = unconscious

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12
Q

General functions and processes of the CNS and PNS

A
  1. Receptors = direct stimuli
  2. Sensory = afferent PNS
  3. Integrative = CNS
  4. Motor = efferent PNS
  5. Effector = muscle/gland
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13
Q
  • Structural and functional units
  • Excitable
  • Amitotic
A

Neurons

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14
Q
  • Accessory cells

- Act like connective tissue

A

Neuroglial cells

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15
Q

Three major structures of neurons

A
  1. Soma
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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16
Q

Cell body is mononucleate

A

Soma

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17
Q

The parts of the Soma

A

Nissl bodies = ribosomes clusters; give gray color
Axon hillock = connects soma to axon
Perikaryon = region around the nucleus
Neurofibrils = cytoskeleton that extend into dendrites/axons; gives shape

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18
Q

Four characteristics of dendrites

A
  1. Respond to neurotransmitters
  2. Short, branched, UNMYELINATED
  3. Specialized for contact with other nuerons
  4. Conducts impulses towards the cell body
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19
Q

Four characteristics of axons

A
  1. Only one cell
  2. Conducts nerve impulses away from soma
  3. Can give off collaterals
  4. Many wrapped in myelin sheath; glial cells wrapped around the axon
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20
Q

Where does the axon end?

A

Synaptic terminal

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21
Q

What does the axon produce?

A

Neurotransmitters

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22
Q

The axons may contact what three things?

A
  1. Another neuron
  2. Muscle fibers
  3. Glands
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23
Q
  • also known as axoplasmic flow

- movement of cellular materials (not signals) through the axon

A

Axonal transport

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24
- Away from soma; neurotransmitters, organelles, nutrients
Anterograde
25
Toward soma; degraded materials to be recycled and extracellular substances
Retrograde
26
The cytoplasm of an axon
Axoplasma
27
What does the axoplasma consist of?
- Few Organelles | - Cytoskeletal proteins
28
What do cytoskeletal proteins do?
- Form cytoskeleton - Maintain shape - Generate axonal transport
29
Plasma membrane of axons
Axolemma
30
What does the axolemma consist of?
Collaterals: side branches Telodendria: terminal extensions Synaptic terminal: contains synaptic vesicles; where neruon contacts postsynaptic cell
31
Sructural classification of neurons is based on what?
The number and morphology of dendrites
32
The structural classification of neurons
- Anaxonic - Bipolar - Unipolar - Multipolar
33
- Small neurons | - Axons can not be distinguished from dendrites
Anaxonic
34
Where are anaxonic structures of neurons
CNS, especially interneurons that coordinate special senses
35
Three characteristics of bipolar structures of neurons
- Several small dendrites converge into one - Dendrite and axon separated by soma - Unmyelinated
36
Where is the bipolar structure of a neuron?
Sensory neurons of special sensory organs
37
Another name for unipolar structures of neurons
Pseudo-unipolar
38
- Several small dendrites converge onto one large one - Dendrite and axon continuous - Usually myelinated
Unipolar
39
Where are the unipolar structure neurons located?
Majority of sensory neurons in PNS
40
- Many dendrites extend from soma - Long axon - Myelinated
Multipolar structure of neurons
41
Where are multipolar structures of neurons?
- Majority of motor neurons in PNS | - Spinal interneurons in CNS
42
Characteristics of afferent neurons
- Have sensory functions - Cell body usually are outside of CNS - Have receptor ends on dendrites or are associated with receptor cells in sense organs - Carry impulses from peripheral body parts to brain or spinal cord
43
Three receptors in afferent neurons with their meanings
1. Exteroceptors = touch, temperature, pressure, light, chemicals 2. Proprioceptors = monitor muscle and skeleton position 3. Interoceptors = monitor internal systems (digestion, urinary, ect)
44
- Neurons only in CNS - Most abundant - Link two or more neurons
Interneurons
45
Two classifications of interneurons
1. Excitatory | 2. Inhibitory
46
- Have motor function - Cell body usually inside of CNS - Carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to peripheral body parts
Efferent Neurons
47
Two different kinds of efferent neurons
- Somatic | - Autonomic
48
Controls skeletal muscle
Somatic (efferent neurons)
49
Smooth muscles and glands
Autonomic/visceral (efferent neurons)
50
Six neuroglia cells
1. Satellite (PNS) 2. Schwann cells (PNS) 3. Astrocytes (CNS) 4. Oligodendrocytes (CNS) 5. Ependymal cells (CNS) 6. Microglia (CNS)
51
- Largest and most common neuroglial cell | - Star shaped
Astrocytes
52
Functions of astrocytes
- Structure and repair - Metabolism - Regulate ions and nutrition - Guide neurons to targets - Form blood brain barrier
53
Like astrocytes but alot smaller
Oligodendrocytes
54
Functions of oligodendrocytes
1. Form myelin in CNS | 2. Sequester debris
55
- Smallest and least common neuroglia cell | - Derived from myeloid cells
Microglia
56
Functions of microglia
- Help support neurons - Phagocytosis - Increase in number during injury or disease
57
- Columnar/cuboidal - Microvilli on luminal surface - Joined by gap junctions
Ependymal
58
Functions of ependymal
- Help produce cerebrospinal fluid - Form porous layer - Monitor CSF composition
59
- Associated with soma - Assist with exchange of nutrients - Isolates neuron from extraneous stimuli
Satellite
60
- Produce myelin in PNS | - Encloses axons of longer peripheral nerves
Schwann cells
61
Functions of Schwann Cells
- Support neurons - Prevent contact - Myelinate large PNS axons
62
- Appear gray - Many axons associate with single Schwann cells (Rarely are PNS axons without any coverings) - CNS; no glial cells
Unmyelinated
63
- Appear white - CNS; Ogliodendrocytes myelinates parts of several axons - PNS; Schwann cells myelinates part of one axon
Myelinated
64
Plasma membrane of Schwann cell wrapped around axon
Myelin
65
Part of Schwann cell that contains cytoplasm
Neurilemma
66
Gaps in myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
67
Explain the myelination process
Starts at week 14 and completed by ages 2-3 years
68
Myelin function
- Isolates axons | - Increase rate of action potential
69
Regeneration of nerve fibers in PNS
- Can regenerate a fraction of the axons | - Schwann cells participate in process
70
Can regenerate a fraction in fibers in the PNS
Wallerian Degeneration
71
Refer to study sheet to explain the regeneration of nerve fibers
:)
72
Explain neuron repairs in the CNS
- More limited - Degeneration occurs after injury - Oligodendrocytes do not proliferate - Proximal end sprouts but has no tube to follow - Astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals blocking regrowth
73
Ability to respond to stimuli
Irritability
74
Ability to transmit an impulse
Excitability
75
An electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane
Action potential
76
AP moving down an axon
Nerve impulse
77
Impulse travels fast when
1. Axon is myelinated | 2. Has a larger diameter
78
Functions as control and transport point
Synapse
79
The site of communication in a synapse is between what?
- Sensory structure and neuron - Neuron and effector - Two neurons - Any two cells with gap junctions
80
Two types of synapses
1. Electrical | 2. Chemical
81
Gap junctions cause the exchange of charged ions between two cells
Electrical
82
Example electrical synapses
Intercalated disks in cardiac muscle
83
Chemicals are released by one cell and travel to another
Chemical synapse
84
Example of chemical synapse
- Neuro-muscular junction | - Nueron-neuron contact
85
House neurotransmitters in the chemical synapse
Synaptic vesicles
86
Process of chemical synapse
1. Synaptic vesicles house neurotransmitters 2. Only exist in the presynaptic cell 3. Release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 4. Receptor on post- synaptic membrane register the neurotransmitter 5. Proliferates AP form one cell to the next 6. Communication in one direction only (only axons have synaptic vesicles)
87
Steps at chemical synapse
1. AP reaches synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron 2. Neurotransmitter released 3. Neurotransmitters crosses cleft and binds to receptors in post-synaptic membrane 4. Get change in permeability (can be excitatory or inhibitory) 5. Neurotransmitter is then removed from synaptic cleft 6. Permeability returns to original state
88
- Receive impulses from afferent fibers (input) - Impulses carried away on efferent fibers (output) - Afferent fibers can branch many times as they enter a pool
Neuronal Poolw
89
Many types of neuronal pools
1. Convergence 2. Divergence 3. Serial processing 4. Parallel processing 5. Reverberation
90
One neuron to another in series
Serial processing
91
- When impulse leaves a pool, it may spread into several output fibers - Allows impulse to be amplified
Divergence
92
- Single nerve in pool may receive impulses from two or more incoming fibers - If lead to same nerve; they are said to converge - Allows summation of impulses from different sources
Convergence
93
Processing information from several neurons at once
Parallel processing
94
Positive feedback continues activity of circuit
Reverberation
95
Steps to facilitation
1. One neuron may receive either excitatory and inhibitory stimuli from multiple neurons 2. The net effect of all this input results in a net charge. If this charge is positive enough, it will result in an AP. 3. The point where an AP can be produced is known as threshold. 4. If a neuron is excited, but still below threshold. (No impulse, but nerve is more excitable to next impulse; said to be facilitated) 5. This whole system allows for the multiple sources to mange the nervous sytem
96
CNS structure with meanings
``` Nuclei = collection of neuron cell bodies Center = collection of neuron cell bodies working together Tracts = bundles of axons ```
97
PNS structure with meanings
``` Ganglia = collection of neuron cell bodies Nerves = bundles of axons ```

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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