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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 25 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - Digestive System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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0
Q

What two specific things does digestion do?

A
  • Breakdown of ingested food

- Absorption of nutrients into blood

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1
Q

Process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed

A

Digestion

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2
Q
  • Production of ATP

- Anabolic and catabolic cellular activities

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

What does the alimentary canal contain?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Rectum
Anus
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4
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

Layers of the structure of the wall

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q

Inner most layer

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

Three layers of mucosa with meanings

A

Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria - blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, MALT
Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle and elastic fibers

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8
Q

Two layers of the muscularis mucosa

A

Circular and longitudinal

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9
Q

What does the mucosa have that increases surface area?

A

Folds

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10
Q

What glands does the mucosa have?

A

Mucous and digestive enzymes

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11
Q

Functions of the mucosa

A

Protection
Absorption
Secretion

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12
Q

What is the submucosa?

A 
Loose CT
Glands 
BV
Lymph vessels
Nerves
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13
Q

Functions of the submucosa?

A
  • Nourish surrounding tissues

- Carry away absorbed materials

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14
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

Layers of smooth muscles

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15
Q

Two layers of the muscularis with meanings

A 
Inner = circular = decreases diameter when contracted
Outer = longitudinal = shorten tube when contract
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16
Q

Another name for the serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

The serosa does not exist superior to the _____. Instead there is _____

A

Diaphragm

Adventitia

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18
Q

What is the serosa made out of?

A

Epithelium and CT

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19
Q

Function of serosa

A

Protection

Secrete serous fluid

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20
Q

A series of membranes in the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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21
Q

Part of the peritoneum that adheres directly to the internal organs

A

Visceral

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22
Q

Part of the peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal wall

A

Parietal

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23
Q

Two facts about the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum

A
  • Are continuous with one another

- Peritoneal cavity in between

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24
What are mesentaries?
- Sheets of peritoneum connected to organs - Access route for vessels and nerves - Stabilize position
25
Perioteneum that connectes the stomach to the liver
Lesser omentum
26
Describe the omentum
- Starts at the stomach - Descends inferior - Then ascends to form a pouch or "apron" - filled with adipose - Attaches to the colon
27
Peritoneum that attaches to the majority of the small intestine
Mesentary proper
28
Peritoneum that attaches to the large intestine
Mesocolon
29
What does the mesentery proper and mesocolon do together?
Both allow for nerves and lymphatics to connect to intestines
30
Explain peristalsis
- Propels bolus (food) down the tract - Circular muscles contract first (prevents bolus form moving back) - Longitudinal next (advances it down the tract)
31
Explain segmentation
- No net movement in any particular direction - Goal is to fragment bolus - Mostly circular muscle contractions
32
Functions of the mouth
``` Mastication and mixing Lubrication Speech Taste and evaluation Limited digestion ```
33
Palatine bone of roof of mouth
Hard palate
34
CT extension of the palate
Soft palate
35
Dangles at the end of the soft palate
Uvula
36
What is the purpose of the uvula?
Prevents food from going down prematurely
37
Salivary glands do what?
Produce saliva
38
What is saliva?
- Mucous and serous fluid - Form food bolus - Make salivary amylase (starch digestion) - Dissolve chemicals for taste
39
Three salivary glands
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
40
Functions of teeth
Mastification - mechanical breakdown of food
41
Types of teeth with functions
Incisors - cutting Cuspids - tearing Bicuspids - crushing and grinding Molars - crushing and grinding
42
Tooth regions with the meanings
Crown - exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel Root - base; within host bone Neck - boundary between root and crown Gingiva - gums, gingival sulcus
43
Where gum and tooth meet
Gingival sulcus
44
Dental succession
Primary or deciduous teeth | Secondary or permanent teeth
45
How many and what kinds of teeth are in the primary teeth?
- 20 total | - Incisors, cuspid, 1st and 2nd molars
46
How many and what kinds of teeth are in the secondary teeth?
- 32 total | - incisors, cuspid, 1st and 2nd bicuspid, 1st, 2nd, 3rd molars
47
Movement through the pharynx
- Enable by swallowing - Bolus enters the oropharynx - Passes the laryngopharynx
48
Swallowing
Deglutition
49
Three stages of deglutition
Buccal phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase
50
Passageway for food only to stomach
Esophagus
51
The esophagus penetrates diaphragm through the _____
Esophageal hiatus
52
Description of the esophagus
Straight, collapsible tube
53
Three layers of the esophagus with meanings
Mucosa - stratified squamous, large folds (expansion) Muscularis - skeletal muscle in superior regions Adventitia - no serosa
54
Functions of the stomach (5)
- Storage - Mechanical breakdown (churning, mixing) - Chemical breakdown of protein - Delivers chyme to small intestine - Little absorption of nutrients (alcohol, aspirin, water)
55
General shape of stomach
- Lesser curvature | - Greater curvature
56
Major regions of the stomach
Cardia - meets esophagus Fundus - superior regions Body - largest region Pyloris - meets small intestine
57
Histology of the stomach
Mucosa - folded into RUGAE for expansion during a full stomach Muscularis - Three muscles by layers
58
Three muscle layers of the stomach
Outer - longitudinal Middle - circular Inner - oblique
59
Gastric glands make __
Gastric juices
60
Secretory cells types of gastric glands
Parietal cells Chef cells Enteroendocrine cells
61
What do parietal cells do?
HCl - lowers pH | Intrinsic factor - absorbs B12
62
What do chief cells do?
Pepsinogen - breaks down proteins
63
What do enteroendocrine cells?
Secrete the hormone gastrin
64
Regions of the small intestine with meanings
Duodenum - 25 cm, digestive secretions from liver and pancreas Jejunum - 2500, most digestion and absorption Ileum - 3500 cm
65
Functions of the small intestine
- Complete digestion of chyme - Receives secretions from pancreas and liver - Absorbs products of digestion (majority of absorption) - Transports remaining residue to large intestines
66
How does the small intestine increase surface area?
Plicae circulares - folds in lining Intestinal villi - fingerlike projections of mucosa Microvilli - fingerlike extensions of cell membranes
67
Functions of the large intestine
- NO digestive enzymes - NO nutrient absorption - Bacteria here digest remaining nutrients (remaining water and vitamins K and B absorbed)
68
What happens to the remaining materials in the large intestine?
Defecated as feces Slow, infrequent peristalsis Enabled by mucus production
69
Regions of the large intestine
Cecum and veriform appendix
70
Dilated, pouch like structure
Cecum
71
What is the veriform appendix?
- Narrow tube with closed end - Hands down from cecum - Lymphatic tissue but no digestive function
72
Regions of the large intestine with meanings
Ascending colon - travels upward along posterior wall to just below liver Transverse colon - turns at right colic flexure and go towards spleen Descending colon - turns downward at left colic flexure Sigmoid colon - S shaped part near terminal end
73
Follows curvature of sacrum | Leads to anal canal
Rectum
74
Opening to the outside | Guarded by two sphincters
Anus
75
Two sphincters of the anus
Internal - smooth muscles | External - skeletal
76
Functions of the liver
- Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids and cholesterol) - Protein metabolism (make blood proteins) - Storage (glycogen, vitamins, iron) - Blood filtering - Detoxification - Secrete bile
77
Structure of liver
- Divided into lobes by FALCIFORM LIGAMENT - CORONARY LIGAMENT attaches liver to diaphragm - Largest lobe on right
78
Functional unit of the liver
Hepatic lobules
79
Structures of the hepatic lobules
Hepatocytes Hepatic sinusoids Kupffer cells
80
What is the hapatocytes
- Around central vein - Remove toxins - Produce BILE
81
Functions of the hepatic sinusoids
- Vascular channels | - Receive blood form portal veins
82
Functions of the kupffer cells
Fixed macrophages
83
Where is the gall bladder?
Inferior surface of the liver
84
Function of the gallbladder
- Store bile - Concentrate bile by reabsorbing water - Release bile into duodenum
85
Path of bile
Right and left hepatic duct --> common hepatic duct --> common bile duct --> duodenum The gallbladder --> cystic duct --> common bile duct
86
Structure of the pancreas
Head, body, and tail
87
Pancreatic juice goes into the duodenum through what?
- Pancreatic duct | - Hepatopancreatic sphincter
88
Pancreatic juice is produced by what?
Pancreatic acini
89
Composition of pancreatic juice
``` Pancreatic amylase - starch Proteinases and trypsin - protein Lipase - fat Nucleases - nucleic acids Alkalines - neutralizes acidic chyme ```

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