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Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 19 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

A
  • Slow and prolonged responses

- Acute = nervous system

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1
Q

General characteristics of the the endocrine system

A
  1. Chronic regulation of homeostasis

2. Interrelated with nervous system

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2
Q

How is the endocrine system interrelated with the nervous system?

A

By the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

What kind of system is the endocrine system?

A

Ductless system

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4
Q

Why is the endocrine system a ductless system?

A
  • Hormones produced by specialized cells

- Carried in blood stream

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5
Q

Substances synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and then secreted

A

Hormones

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6
Q

When hormones are secreted into extracellular space

A

Paracrine signaling

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7
Q

Blood carries hormones to other sites

A

Endocrine signaling

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8
Q

How do hormones act on target cells?

A

Have specific receptors for specific hormones

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9
Q

Categories of the chemistry of hormones with meanings

A
  1. Steroids - made from cholesterol, non-polar
  2. Peptides - polar
  3. Amines - derived form amino acids, polar and non-polar
  4. Eicosanoids - most are non-polar, paracrine signals (prostaglandins)
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10
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • Lipid soluble therefore can cross cell membranes

- Transduction –> regulation of DNA transcription

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11
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A
  • Estrogens like estradiol
  • Androgens like testosterone
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
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12
Q

Where are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine and tryptophan

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13
Q

Amine hormones are both ___ and _____

A 
Membrane soluble (thyroxine)
Some are not membrane soluble (epinephrine)
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14
Q

Most important amine hormones are made by what?

A
  • Thyroid

- Adrenal medulla

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15
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A
  • Short chains of amino acids

- Cannot cross cell membrane

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16
Q

Peptide hormones compose what?

A

All pituitary hormones

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17
Q

What are Eicosanoids derived from what?

A

Derived from fatty acids

- Most cross cell membranes

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18
Q

Where do eicosanoids coordinate functions?

A

In extracellular fluid (ex - prostaglandins)

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19
Q

Process of negative feedback

A
  1. Gland is sensitive to concentration of substance
  2. Concentration exceeds limits –> prevents gland from secreting hormone
  3. Concentration decreases –> secretion increases
  4. Results in relatively stable concentration of both substance and hormone
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20
Q

Patrick promises to never ever wear __________ again

A

women’s pajamas

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21
Q

when cooking with Janelle Lynn, this person commonly makes a mess; however, he makes sure to clean it up

A

who is Patrick Carbary

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22
Q

Where does the hypothalamus send signals?

A

To the body and the pituitary gland

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23
Q

Most important endocrine gland for regulation

A

Pituitary gland

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24
The pituitary gland is really ____
Two separate glands and its developmental origins are key to function
25
Two lobes of the pituitary glands
Posterior | Anterior
26
What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of the hypothalamas?
- Does not make any hormones | - Mostly hypothalamamic axons
27
What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
- 5 types of endocrine cells | - Controlled by hypothalamic regulatory hormones
28
What are the regulatory hormones?
Releasing hormones | Inhibiting hormones
29
What are the two posterior pituitary hormones?
- Oxytocin | - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
30
Four functions of oxytocin?
- Causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls - Causes muscles associated with milk ejection to contract - Cause contraction of prostrate gland - Significant in emotional bonding (familial and romantic)
31
What are the functions of antidiuretic hormones?
- Causes kidney to decrease water excretion | - Increases blood volume --> rise in BP
32
Anterior pituitary hormones
- Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Growth hormones - Thyroid stimulating hormone - Prolactin - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
33
Increase melanin secretion
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
34
What do follicle stimulating hormones do?
- Testes to produce sperm - Follicular development in ovary - Stimulate secretion of estrogen
35
What do luteinizing hormones do?
- Promotes secretion of sex hormones | - Release of oocyte
36
What do growth hormones do?
- increase size and rate of reproduction of body cells - targets muscles and bones --> mobilized fat and glucose - enhances movement of amino acids through membranes - secreted throughout life, increase at puberty
37
Controls secretion of thyroid hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
38
What does the prolactin hormone do?
- targets mammary tissue | - milk production/secretion
39
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids
Adrenocortiotropic hormones
40
What makes the thyroid gland?
- Two lobes + isthmus
41
Where is the thyroid gland?
Inferior to larynx
42
Cells in the thyroid gland
- Follicular cells | - Parafollicular cells
43
Produce calcitonin
Parafollicular cells
44
What do follicular cells do?
- Line follicle cavities (filled with thyroglogulin colloid) - Remove Iodine from blood - Secrete T3 and T4
45
Thyroid hormones
Follicular cells = thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) | Parafollicular cells = calcitonin
46
What does thyroxine (T4) do?
Increase glycogenolysis, protein synthesis, growth
47
What does Triiodothyronine do?
Same as T4 by 5x more potent
48
What does Calcitonin do?
Decrease blood Ca2+ and PO4 | Increase renal secretion and osteoblast activity
49
Where is the parathyroid gland?
Posterior surface of the thyroid
50
What composes the parathryoid gland?
Many tightly packed secretory cells - Oxyphil and transitional cells = immature - CHIEF CELLS = produce parathyroid hormone
51
What do parathyroid hormones do?
Increase Ca2+, osteoclast activity, calcitriol (intestinal Ca2+ absorption) Decrease renal Ca2+ and PO4 excretion
52
Where is the thymus?
Thoracic cavity, posterior to sternum
53
What does the thymus do?
Produces thymos
54
What does thymos do?
- Enhances lymphocyte production and competence | - Most active in infancy and childhood
55
Componenets to the adrenal cortex with their meanings
1. Glomerulosa = aldosterone --> Na+ retention 2. Fasciculata = cortisol --> glycogen formation 3. Reticularis = androgens --> secondary sexual characters
56
Chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS
Adrenal medulla
57
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
Epinenphine and norepinephrine
58
Hormones in the kidney with meanings
Renin - start cascade to increase blood pressure Erythropoietin (EPO) - erythrocyte production Calcitriol - increase absorption
59
Hormones in the heart with their meanings
Atrial natriuretic peptide - supresses aldosterone and ADH and decrease blood volume and blood pressure
60
Where is the pancreas and what is its function?
- Posterior to stomach - Attached to duodenum by duct - Exocrine and endocrine function
61
The endocrine function of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
62
Cells with their meanings in the islets of langerhans
Alpha cells - glucagon (increases blood sugar) Beta cells - insulin (decreases blood sugar) Delta cells - somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion, antagonizes GH)
63
Two types of cells in male gonads
1. Interstitial cells | 2. Nurse (sertoli) cells
64
Interstitial cells do what?
Secrete androgens --> produce testosterone
65
What does testosterone do?
- Stimulate nurse cells | - Secondary sex characteristics
66
What do nurse cells do?
Secrete inhibin
67
What does inhibin do?
- Decrease FSH from anterior pituitary | - Stimulate spermatogenesis
68
Two components to female gonads
1. Follicles --> pre-ovulation | 2. Corput luteum --> postovulation
69
Female hormones produced in pre-ovulation with their meanings
Estrogens - maturation of oocyte, endometrial development | Inhibin - decrease FSH from anterior pituitary
70
Female hormones produced in post-ovulation with their meanings
Estrogen - same as pre-ovulation | Progesterone - prepares body for pregnancy
71
Pineacytes in epithalamus
Pineal gland
72
What does the pineal gland do?
Produces melatonin which is in charge of circadian rythyms and possibly puberty

Anatomy Lecture (17 decks)

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