Chapter 18 - General and Special Senses Flashcards
(133 cards)
0
Q
Two major types of sensory receptors
A
- Tonic receptor
- Phasic receptor
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Q
A specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS
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Sensory receptor
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Q
Always sending signal to CNS
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Tonic receptor
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Q
Becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor
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Phasic receptor
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Q
Receptor that detect taste and smell
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Chemoreceptor
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Q
Receptor that detects cell damage (mechanical, electrical, thermal)
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Nociceptor
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Q
Receptor that detects thermal changes
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Thermoreceptor
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Q
Receptor that detects hearing, stretching, and body position
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Mechanoreceptor
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Q
Receptor that detects light
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Photoreceptor
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Q
Area monitored by a single receptor
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Receptor field
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Q
- Each receptor responds to a specific stimulus
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Receptive field
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Example of receptor specificity
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Photoreceptor will not respond to a chemical stimulus
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Q
The sensory information arriving at the CNS
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Sensation
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Q
Conscious awareness of sensation
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Perception
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Q
How is perception the conscious awareness of sensation?
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- All nerve impulses are identical (just action potentials)
- Brain interprets impulses
- “Feeling” that occurs when sensory impulses are interpreted
15
Q
When does sensory adaptation occur?
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Occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to continuous stimulation
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Q
What does sensory adaptation results in?
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Reduction of sensitivity
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Q
For sensory adaptation, at some point along the pathway, impulses are _____
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Conducted at a decreased rate
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Q
When sensory receptors decrease their level of activity
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Peripheral adaptation
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- Sensory neurons are still active
- CNS causes reduced perception
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Central adaptations
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Q
What are the sensory limitations?
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- Sensory information from receptors is incomplete
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Q
How is sensory receptors incomplete?
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- Do not have receptors for every stimulus (animals detecting infrared, uv, ultrasonic)
- Receptors have limited ranges
- Stimulation requires a neural event that is interpreted
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Q
Do not have specialized receptor cells or sensory organs
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General senses
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Q
What are special senses?
A
- Can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron
- Structurally more complex
- Receptors localized in sense organs
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Three major groups of general sense with their meanings
Exteroceptors - relay info about external environment
Proprioceptors - depict body position in space
Interoceptors - monitor the internal environment
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What are nociceptors?
- Sense tissue damage
- Perceived as pain
- Free nerve endings with large receptive field
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Where are nociceptors found?
Found everywhere except brain
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What function do nociceptors have?
- Provide a protective function
| - Do not adapt well
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Quick, inducing a reflex usually, end when stimulus ends (prickling)
Fast pain
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Begin later; persist longer, ache (burning)
Slow pain
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What is referred pain
- "brain-freeze"
- visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region
- Due to superficial structure being innervated by the spinal nerves as the damaged viscera
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What are thermoreceptors?
- Involve heat and cold (no differences in structure between the two)
- Free nerve endings in skin
- Quick to adapt
- Felt as pain if temp goes above 45C or below 10C
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Sensitive to mechanical forces that cause tissues to be deformed
Mechanoreceptors
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Types of mechanoreceptors with their meanings
Tactile - touch, pressure, vibration
Baroreceptors - pressure changes in walls of vessels
Proprioceptors - position of joints and muscles
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Two types of tactile receptors
- Unencapsulated
| - Encapsulated
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Three different types of unencapsulated tactile receptors
Free nerve endings
Root hair
Tactile disc
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- In papillary dermis
| - General touch
Free nerve endings
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Monitor distortions and movement across body surface
Root hair
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Expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cell
| - Sensitive to fine touch
Tactile disc
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Three types of encapsulated cells
- Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
- Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
- Ruffini Corpuscle
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Found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed
Tactile corpuscles
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Respond to deep pressure
Lamellated corpuscle
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- In dermis
| - Detect pressure with little adaptation
Ruffini corpuscle
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What are baroreceptors?
- Stretch receptors
| - Monitor changes in pressure (detect stretching of tissue walls)
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What do baroreceptors regulate?
Autonomic activities
- Digestive tract
- Bladder
- Carotid sinus
- Lung
- Colon
- Major arteries
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What do proprioceptors do?
- Monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction
- No adaptation to stimulus
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Types of proprioceptors with meanings
Muscle spindle - monitor length of muscle
| Golgi tendon organ - monitor tension in a tendonduring contraction (degree in which tendon is stretched)
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What are chemoreceptors?
- Respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids
| - Monitor chemical composition of body fluids
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Examples of chemoreceptors monitoring chemical composition of body fluids
Sensitive to pH, pCO2 changes
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Where are chemoreceptors found?
- Inside CNS; medulla
- Aortic bodies
- Carotid bodies
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Sense of smell
Olfaction
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Where is the olfactory organ and what composes it?
- Located within the nasal cavity on either side of nasal septum
- Covers the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of ethmoid
- Made up of OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
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Olfactory epithelium consists of what?
Olfactory receptors - chemoreceptors
Supporting cells - surround the receptors
Basal cells - stem cells that grow new cells
- Covered in secretions from OLFACTORY GLANDS
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What are olfactory receptors?
- Highly modified bipolar neurons
- Have cilia that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands
- Odorous particles dissolve into mucus and cause depolarization
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Olfactory nerve pathway
- Impulses travel along AXONS of RECEPTOR CELLS
- pass through openings in the CRIBRIFORM PLATE
- Go to OLFACTORY BULB and CRANIAL NERVE 1
- Unique in that the impulses DO NOT go to the THALAMUS
- Travel along TRACTS to the LIMBIC SYSTEM
- Smells can trigger strong EMOTION
- Interpreted as SMELL in TEMPORAL LOBE and BASE OF FRONTAL
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What is olfactory discrimination?
- No structural difference in receptor cells
- Olfactory can turn-over (reproduce) (numbers decrease with age)
- 50 primary smells (can distinguish thousands of smells)
- Adapt quickly
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Taste = ?
Gustation
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Chemoreceptors in structure called _____
| - Gustation
Taste buds
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Taste buds on superior surface of tongue in ____
Papillae
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What are papillae?
- Epithelial projections
| - Taste buds lie along papillae
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Three types of papillae?
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Circumvallate
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- In taste buds
- Receptor clusters
- About 40 per bud
Gustatory cell
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Replace receptors every 10-12 days in taste buds
Basal cells
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Gustatory cells extend microvilli called a ____ in a ____
Taste hair into a taste pore
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Gustatory Pathway
- Uses cranial nerve VII, IX, and X
- Afferent fibers synapse with NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS in medulla
- Goes to thalamus and cerebral cortex
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Primary tastes
- Sour
- Sweet
- Salt
- Bitter
- Water
- Umami
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what is Gustatory discrimination?
- Individual differences in taste
| - Number and sensitivity decrease with age
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Parts of the external ear
- Auricle
- External acoustic meatus
- Tympanic membrane
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External structure supported elastic cartilage
Auricle
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Canal to middle ear
External acoustic meatus
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Makes wax (cerumen)
Ceruminous glands
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What does the external acoustic meatus have?
- Hair
| - Ceruminous glands
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The external acoustic meatus ends where?
Tympanic membrane
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Functions of the external ear?
- Protects middle and inner ear
- Limits microoganism growth
- Deny access to foreign objects
- Funnel vibrations
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Components of the middle ear
- Tympanic cavity
- Tympanic membrane
- Auditory tube
- Ossicles
- Muscles
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Air filled space between external and inner ear
Tympanic cavity
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Thin, transparent connective tissue sheet
Tympanic membrane
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When teh auditory tube is open.....
- Middle ear equalized to atm pressure
- Can be induced by chewing or yawning
- Allows for microbes to get in and cause and ear infection
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- Tiny bones in middle ear
| - Transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to inner ear
Ossicles
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Three ossicles
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
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Two types of muscles with their meanings
Tensor tympani muscle - inserts on malleus
| Stapedius muscle - inserts on stapes
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A series of tubes and cavities in the ear
Inner ear
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Two section so the inner ear
1. Vestibule (balance)
| 2. Cochlea (hearing)
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Inner ear consists of several layers
1. Membranous labyrinth
| 2. Bony (osseous) labyrinth
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What does the membranous labryinth contain?
Endolymph fluid
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What does the bony labyrinth contain?
- Dense bone layer of temporal
| - Contains perilymph fluid
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What does the cochlea do?
- Converts vibrations to sound
- Contacts the stapes at the oval window
- Coiled tube with cochlear duct
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The cochlea is divided into three ducts
1. Vestibular duct - divided by the vestibular membrane
2. Cochlear duct - divided by the basilar membrane
3. Tympanic duct
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Where is the organ of corti found?
On the basilar membrane
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What is in the organ of corti with their meanings?
Hair cells - mechanoreceptors with stereocillia
Cranial nerve VIII - Cochlear branch contact hair cells
Tectorial membrane - positioned right above hair cell stereocilia
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Path of Vibrations
1. Auricle funnels vibrations into meatus
2. Tympanic membrane vibrates
3. Transmits to ossicles (malleus to incus to stapes)
4. Stapes connected to oval window (transmits vibrations to inner ear)
5. Oval window vibrates; perilymph moves
6. Membranous labyrinth vibrates (cochlear duct vibrates within)
7. Basilar membrane bounces (hair cell stereocilia contact tectorial membrane, become deformed and creates depolarization, transmits an action potential down CN VIII)
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Pathway for auditory sensations
- Carried by cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII
- Goes to cochlear nucleus of medulla
- Travel through thalamus
- Processed in AUDITORY CORTEX of temporal lobe
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Vestibule consists of two parts
Semicircular canals
| Utricle and saccule
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- Three (anterior, lateral, and posterior)
| - Surrounding semicircular ducts
Semicircular canals
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At the base of semicircular canals
Ampulla at base
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Each ampulla possess a _____ that attaches to a _____
Cristae, cupula
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- Paired membranous sacs
| - Conected by endolymphatic duct
Utricle and saccule
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Saccule possess ___
Maculae
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The cupula has ___
Hair cells
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How does head rotation work?
- Causes fluid to move through canals
- Fluid moves cupula
- Hair cells stereocilia bends
- Depolarization occurs
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The maculae consists of what?
- Hair cells
| - Otolith
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Small calcium carbonate crystals
| - Gel like substance
Otolith
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As head orientation changes
- Gravity pulls on crystals
- Moves otolith
- Deforms hair cell stereocillia
- Depolarization occurs
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Pathway for balance sensation
Hair cells
- Activate neurons of vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII
- Synapses with vestibular nuclei
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Eye accessory structures
Eyelids or palpebrae
Tarsal glands
Conjunctiva
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Function and location of palpebrae
- Protects and lubricates
| - Epidermis, dermis, and CT
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Function of tarsal glands
Oily secretions keep lids from sticking together
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Thin protective mucus membrane on the eye
Conjunctiva
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Two parts to the conjunctiva
Palpebral and bulbar
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Where does the conjuntiva stop?
At the corneal edge
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How are conjunctiva bloodshot?
Dilated blood vessels
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- Produces tears
Lacrimal apparatus
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Lacrimal apparatus consists of what?
Lacrimal glands - produce tears
Lacrimal punctum - drains tear into....
Lacrimal canaliculi - passageway that leads to the ....
Lacrimal sac - fills groove on lacrimal bone and connects to the ...
Nasolacrimal duct - delivers tears to nasal cavity
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Three layers of the eye
Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
Neural tunic
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- Outer tunic
Fibrous tunic
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Part of the fibrous tunic
Sclera - white of eye, dense irregular CT
| Cornea - transparent layer
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Parts of the vascular tunic
Iris - smooth muscles and pigments, controls the size of the pupil
Choroid - vascularized, pigmented layer
Lens - layered proteins, refracts light
Ciliary body
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- Below the iris
- Has ciliary process
- Ciliary muscles change the lens shape (focus)
Ciliary body
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- Attach to suspensory ligaments
| - Attach to lens
Cilary processes
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Functions of the vascular tunic
- Route for BVs
- Regulate amounts of light
- Secrete and absorb aqueous humor
- Control shape of lens
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- Inner most layer
- Consists of Retina
- 5 groups of retinal neruons
Neural Tunic
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Retinal neruons
Receptor cells
Bipolar neurons
Ganglion cells
Amacrine cells
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Contains rods and cones
| - Detect light
Receptor cells
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Synapse with receptor cells
Bipolar neurons
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Synape with biopolar neurons
Ganglion cells
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Modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells
Amacrine cells
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- Very light sensitive
- Do not discriminate color
- Requires less light
Rods
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- Color vision
- Three types
- Give sharper images
Cones
128
Regions of the retina with meanings
Macula lutea - area of no rods
Fovea centralis - area of most cones (within macula)
Optic disc - beginning of optic nerve, "blind spot'
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Visual pathway.....
1. Photoreceptors to...
2. Bipolar cells to....
3. Ganglion axons converge on optic disc into optic nerve (cranial nerve II)
4. Optic tract to optic chiasm
5. Relayed to lateral geniculate nucleus
6. On to visual cortex occipital lobe
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Two cavities in the eye
1. Posterior cavity - contains gelatinous vitreous body
| 2. Anterior cavity - contains clear aqueous humor
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Patrick's new watch looks very _______
nice
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this species is 6"1', 180 lbs., resides in its natural habitat of New York and commonly has blue eyes and curly hair
what is a Patrick Carbary
