Chapter 13 Packet Review Flashcards Preview

Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 Packet Review > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 13 Packet Review Deck (65)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Spinal cord ends between?

A

L1 and L2

2
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord

3
Q

Ventral roots contain?

A

the axons of motor neurons

4
Q

A spinal nerve is formed when?

A

the dorsal and ventral roots merge and are bound together

5
Q

Spinal nerves are___nerves; they contain both___&___fibers within a sheath

A

mixed

sensory and motor

6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

7
Q

A thoracic spinal nerves name reflects the vertebrae just ___it?

A

Above (I.E. the T1 nerve is just below the T1 vertebrae)

8
Q

A cervical spinal nerve reflects the vertebrae type right____it?

A

Below (I.E. the C3 nerve is just above the C3 vertebrae)

9
Q

There are___ cervical vertebrae, but ___ cervical nerves

A

7, 8

10
Q

Lengthening of the spinal cord ends at what age?

A

4

11
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

provide physical stability & shock absorption, oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord tissue

12
Q

Dura Mater

A

“Tough Mother” outermost layer made of fibrous connective tissue

13
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

“Spider” middle spinal membrane

14
Q

Arachnoid Trabeculae

A

network of collagen and elastin fibers

15
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

between arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. Contains cerebral spinal fluid

16
Q

CSF, Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A

absorbs shock, acts as diffusion for gases and nutrients

17
Q

Pia Mater

A

“delicate mother” innermost layer, very thin

18
Q

Grey Matter

A

deep to white matter. make up the horns of the spinal cord. consists of: cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons

19
Q

Nuclei

A

masses of grey matter within the CNS

20
Q

Dorsal horn______nuclei?

Ventral horn______nuclei?

A

sensory

Motor

21
Q

White matter

A

superficial tissue of the spinal cord that contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons

22
Q

3 region of ______ in the spinal cord?

A

white matter

23
Q

Anterior white commissure

A

regions where axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other

24
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in CNS with similar structure and function
short tracts send sensory or motor info within spinal cord
Longer tracts connect the spinal cord with the brain

25
Q

Nerves

A

a group of axons from many neurons with vascularization throughout three connective tissue layers

26
Q

Epineurium

A

outermost layer

27
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer, compartmentalize bundles of axons

28
Q

Endoonerurium

A

innermost layer surrounds individual axons

29
Q

4 steps of peripheral distribution of spinal nerves: Step 1?

A

!. sympathetic nerve, dorsal ramus and ventral ramus carry senory info through the dorsal root to the somatic and visceral nuclei

30
Q

Step 2 of distribution of spinal nerves?

A
  1. spinal cord interprets info
31
Q

Step 3 of distribution spinal nerves?

A
  1. response info is sent to visceral somatic motor nuclei in the ventral horn
32
Q

Step 4 of distribution of spinal nerves

A
  1. info then travels through ventral root and separated into dorsal, ventral or sympathetic rami
33
Q

Rami Communicantes

A

white and grey rami together in motor pathway

34
Q

White rami gets its name from?

A

first branch from the spinal nerve carrying visceral motor fibers to a sympathetic ganglion; mylination gives it a light color

35
Q

Gray rami gets its name from?

A

unmyelinated, postganglionic fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body and wall and limbs

36
Q

Dermatome

A

a map of the body where a region of skin surface is monitered by a single pair of spinal nerves

37
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves that lend their fibers and produce a series of compund nerve trunks

38
Q

4 main plexuses?

A
  1. cervical
  2. brachial
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
39
Q

Name the location and what the Cervical plexus innervates?

Phrenic nerve?

A
  1. C1 - C5
  2. innervates muscles of the neck and diaphragm
    * phrenic nerve provides nerve supply to the ENTIRE diaphragm
40
Q

Name the location and what the lumbar plexus innervates?

A
  1. T12 - L4

2. innervates the lower limbs and pelvic girdle

41
Q

Name the location and what the sacral plexus innervates

A
  1. L4 - S4

2. innervates the lower limbs

42
Q

2 nerves the sciatic nerve branches into?

A

fibular and tibial

43
Q

Neuronal Pools

A

functional groups of interconnected neurons; scattered or localized with a limited number of input sources and output destination

44
Q

The human body has:
? sensory neurons
? motor neurons
? interneurons

A

10 million sensory
1/2 million motor
20 billion inter

45
Q

Divergence

A

spread of info from one neuron to several

46
Q

Convergence

A

many neurons synapse on 1 post synaptic neuron

47
Q

Serial Processing

A

Sequential process w/info moving from one neuron to another

48
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Divergence happens first then several neurons can process the some info SIMULTANEOUSLY

49
Q

Reverberation

A

Causes a pos. feedback loop by further stimulating the presynaptic neuron

50
Q

Reflex

A

involuntary responses to a stimulis

51
Q

Spinal cord refles

A

reflex that does not depend on the brain

52
Q

Reflex Arc

A

the pathway nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited; exhibits negative feedback

53
Q

Part 1 of Reflex Arc?

A

Receptor-detect stimulus and generate impulses (foot on tac)

54
Q

Part 2 of Reflex Arc?

A

Sensory neurons-transmit a graded potential that leads to an action potential that travels along the dorsal root

55
Q

Part 3 of Reflex Arc?

A

CNS-contains one or more synapses

56
Q

Part 4 of Reflex Arc?

A

Motor neurons-transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector through the vental root

57
Q

Part 5 of Reflex Arc?

A

Effector-performs its characteristic action (pulling foot away from pain)

58
Q

Innate reflex

A

form during development (chewing, suckling)

59
Q

Acquired Reflexes

A

learned motor patterns enhanced by repetition (driving a car)

60
Q

Stretch Reflexes

A

muscle that is stretched will automatically contract. Always monosynaptic

61
Q

4 Steps of Stretch Reflex?

A
  1. muscle spindles are stretched
  2. sensory neurons get excited
  3. motor neurons are stimulated
  4. rapid muscle contraction to return muscle spindle to resting state
62
Q

Tendon Reflexes

A

Polysynaptic; monitors tension on tendon

63
Q

Withdrawal Reflexes

A

Polysynaptic; move effected body parts away from stimulus. It is triggered by pain

64
Q

Flexor Reflex

A

Polysynaptic; painful stimulus will automatically cause the effected part to recoil

65
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflexes

A

Polysynaptic; the motor response occurs on the side opposite the stimulus