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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 Packet Review > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Packet Review Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord ends between?

A

L1 and L2

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2
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord

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3
Q

Ventral roots contain?

A

the axons of motor neurons

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4
Q

A spinal nerve is formed when?

A

the dorsal and ventral roots merge and are bound together

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5
Q

Spinal nerves are___nerves; they contain both___&___fibers within a sheath

A

mixed

sensory and motor

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6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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7
Q

A thoracic spinal nerves name reflects the vertebrae just ___it?

A

Above (I.E. the T1 nerve is just below the T1 vertebrae)

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8
Q

A cervical spinal nerve reflects the vertebrae type right____it?

A

Below (I.E. the C3 nerve is just above the C3 vertebrae)

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9
Q

There are___ cervical vertebrae, but ___ cervical nerves

A

7, 8

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10
Q

Lengthening of the spinal cord ends at what age?

A

4

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11
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

provide physical stability & shock absorption, oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord tissue

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12
Q

Dura Mater

A

“Tough Mother” outermost layer made of fibrous connective tissue

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13
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

“Spider” middle spinal membrane

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14
Q

Arachnoid Trabeculae

A

network of collagen and elastin fibers

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15
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

between arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. Contains cerebral spinal fluid

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16
Q

CSF, Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A

absorbs shock, acts as diffusion for gases and nutrients

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17
Q

Pia Mater

A

“delicate mother” innermost layer, very thin

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18
Q

Grey Matter

A

deep to white matter. make up the horns of the spinal cord. consists of: cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons

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19
Q

Nuclei

A

masses of grey matter within the CNS

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20
Q

Dorsal horn______nuclei?

Ventral horn______nuclei?

A

sensory

Motor

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21
Q

White matter

A

superficial tissue of the spinal cord that contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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22
Q

3 region of ______ in the spinal cord?

A

white matter

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23
Q

Anterior white commissure

A

regions where axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other

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24
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in CNS with similar structure and function
short tracts send sensory or motor info within spinal cord
Longer tracts connect the spinal cord with the brain

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25
Nerves
a group of axons from many neurons with vascularization throughout three connective tissue layers
26
Epineurium
outermost layer
27
Perineurium
Middle layer, compartmentalize bundles of axons
28
Endoonerurium
innermost layer surrounds individual axons
29
4 steps of peripheral distribution of spinal nerves: Step 1?
!. sympathetic nerve, dorsal ramus and ventral ramus carry senory info through the dorsal root to the somatic and visceral nuclei
30
Step 2 of distribution of spinal nerves?
2. spinal cord interprets info
31
Step 3 of distribution spinal nerves?
3. response info is sent to visceral somatic motor nuclei in the ventral horn
32
Step 4 of distribution of spinal nerves
4. info then travels through ventral root and separated into dorsal, ventral or sympathetic rami
33
Rami Communicantes
white and grey rami together in motor pathway
34
White rami gets its name from?
first branch from the spinal nerve carrying visceral motor fibers to a sympathetic ganglion; mylination gives it a light color
35
Gray rami gets its name from?
unmyelinated, postganglionic fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body and wall and limbs
36
Dermatome
a map of the body where a region of skin surface is monitered by a single pair of spinal nerves
37
Nerve Plexus
ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves that lend their fibers and produce a series of compund nerve trunks
38
4 main plexuses?
1. cervical 2. brachial 3. lumbar 4. sacral
39
Name the location and what the Cervical plexus innervates? | Phrenic nerve?
1. C1 - C5 2. innervates muscles of the neck and diaphragm * phrenic nerve provides nerve supply to the ENTIRE diaphragm
40
Name the location and what the lumbar plexus innervates?
1. T12 - L4 | 2. innervates the lower limbs and pelvic girdle
41
Name the location and what the sacral plexus innervates
1. L4 - S4 | 2. innervates the lower limbs
42
2 nerves the sciatic nerve branches into?
fibular and tibial
43
Neuronal Pools
functional groups of interconnected neurons; scattered or localized with a limited number of input sources and output destination
44
The human body has: ? sensory neurons ? motor neurons ? interneurons
10 million sensory 1/2 million motor 20 billion inter
45
Divergence
spread of info from one neuron to several
46
Convergence
many neurons synapse on 1 post synaptic neuron
47
Serial Processing
Sequential process w/info moving from one neuron to another
48
Parallel Processing
Divergence happens first then several neurons can process the some info SIMULTANEOUSLY
49
Reverberation
Causes a pos. feedback loop by further stimulating the presynaptic neuron
50
Reflex
involuntary responses to a stimulis
51
Spinal cord refles
reflex that does not depend on the brain
52
Reflex Arc
the pathway nerve impulses travel when a reflex is elicited; exhibits negative feedback
53
Part 1 of Reflex Arc?
Receptor-detect stimulus and generate impulses (foot on tac)
54
Part 2 of Reflex Arc?
Sensory neurons-transmit a graded potential that leads to an action potential that travels along the dorsal root
55
Part 3 of Reflex Arc?
CNS-contains one or more synapses
56
Part 4 of Reflex Arc?
Motor neurons-transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector through the vental root
57
Part 5 of Reflex Arc?
Effector-performs its characteristic action (pulling foot away from pain)
58
Innate reflex
form during development (chewing, suckling)
59
Acquired Reflexes
learned motor patterns enhanced by repetition (driving a car)
60
Stretch Reflexes
muscle that is stretched will automatically contract. Always monosynaptic
61
4 Steps of Stretch Reflex?
1. muscle spindles are stretched 2. sensory neurons get excited 3. motor neurons are stimulated 4. rapid muscle contraction to return muscle spindle to resting state
62
Tendon Reflexes
Polysynaptic; monitors tension on tendon
63
Withdrawal Reflexes
Polysynaptic; move effected body parts away from stimulus. It is triggered by pain
64
Flexor Reflex
Polysynaptic; painful stimulus will automatically cause the effected part to recoil
65
Crossed Extensor Reflexes
Polysynaptic; the motor response occurs on the side opposite the stimulus

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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