Chapter 17

Question 1

Special Senses are comprised of:

Answer 1

olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium and hearing

Question 2

Olfaction

Answer 2

sense of smell

Question 3

Olfaction organs

Answer 3

paired; located in the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum; consists of olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

Question 4

Olfactory receptors

Answer 4

dendrites of neurons found in the olfactory epithelium

Question 5

the knob of the olfactory receptor houses ___ cilia that are exposed to _____.

Answer 5

20

odorants

Question 6

Basal Cells

Answer 6

regenerative stem cells that replace receptor cells

Question 7

Olfactory glands

Answer 7

found in lamina purpria; secretions absorb water and form a thick colored mucous

Question 8

Central adaptation

Answer 8

causes you to lose awareness of certain smells, but allows you to have sensitivities to other smells

Question 9

Olfaction pathway

Answer 9

an odorant binds to a receptor protein

Question 10

Lingual papillae

Answer 10

epithelial projections that house the taste buds

Question 11

filliform papillae

Answer 11

provide friction, no taste buds

Question 12

fungiform papillae

Answer 12

5 taste buds each

Question 13

cicumvallate

Answer 13

form v in back of tongue 100 taste buds each

Question 14

Gustatory Pathway

Answer 14

1.binds to receptor proteins…see notes

Question 15

there are ___ primary taste sensations: ___ and ____ on the ___ part of the tongue and ___ and ___ on the ____of the tongue

Answer 15

4
sweet and salty, anterior
sour and bitter, posterior

Question 16

Umami

Answer 16

beef, chicken broth and parmesan cheese due to free glutamates present in circumvallate

Question 17

____ receptors located primarily in the ___ and affect water balance and blood volume maintenance

Answer 17

water

pharynx

Question 18

Lacrimal canaliculi

Answer 18

canals that further drain tears to the lacrimal sac

Question 19

lacrimal sac

Answer 19

receives tears and sends them to the nasolacrimal duct

Question 20

nasolacrimal canal

Answer 20

passageway in the facial bones that takes tears to the nasal cavity

Question 21

three layers of the eye

Answer 21

outer fibrous, intermediate vascular and deep inner fibrous: sclera and cornea

Question 22

sclera

Answer 22

white of eye where intrinsic eye muscles attach

Question 23

cornea

Answer 23

transparent and avascular; gets nutrients from tears; free nerve ending making it sensitive
(easy transplant, avascular)

Question 24

Vascular Layer

Answer 24

iris ciliary body and choroid

Question 25

Iris

Answer 25

contains smooth muscle for pupil diameter changes pigmented and highly vascularized

Question 26

cilliary body

Answer 26

contains ciliary muscles that attach to and control the shape of lens using suspensory ligaments

Question 27

choroid

Answer 27

layer between sclera and retina; vascularized and contains melanin

Question 28

inner layer

Answer 28

retina and optic nerve

Question 29

retina

Answer 29

pigmented outermost layer and innervated innermost layer, contains photoreceptors that detect light

Question 30

rods

Answer 30

give us black and white vision for night vision

Question 31

the lens

Answer 31

focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors

Question 32

crystallins

Answer 32

transparent proteins responsible for clarity and the focusing power of the lens

Question 33

cataracts

Answer 33

loss of transparency; can be removed

Question 34

refractions

Answer 34

the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another medium of a different density

Question 35

a visual image results from

Answer 35

info from all receptors

Question 36

light must strike the ___ in precise order to form an image of the object

Answer 36

retina

Question 37

Greatest amount of refraction occurs as light enters the ___ ?

Answer 37

cornea

Question 38

a second refractions occurs as light passes from the __ ___ to the ___

Answer 38

aqueous humor | lens

Question 39

focal point is the specific point of _____ on the ____

Answer 39

intersection | retina

Question 40

focal distance is the distance between the center of the ___ and the ___ ____

Answer 40

lens | focal point

Question 41

the closer the object is to the lens the ___ the focal distance

Answer 41

greater

Question 42

the rounder the lens the more ____occurs which leads to a ____ focal distance; a flat lens leads to a ____ focal distance

Answer 42

refraction shorter longer

Question 43

Accommodation

Answer 43

the automatic adjustment of the eye for clear vision; ciliary muscles adjust the shape of the lens for clarity

Question 44

astigmatism

Answer 44

is a distortion of an image if light is not refracted properly

Question 45

colorblindness

Answer 45

dysfuntioning cone

Question 46

night blindness (nyctalopia)

Answer 46

caused by definciency in bit A. visual pigment reserves decline

Question 47

depth perception

Answer 47

an interpretation of objects viewed by both eyes that receive slightly different visual images

Question 48

binocular vision

Answer 48

images from the right and left eye overlap/ the combined vision is binocular vision...these images cross over and are received by the opposite side of the occipital lobe

Question 49

Inner ear

Answer 49

fluid filled cavity that holds the receptors for both hearing and balance

Question 50

bony labyrinth

Answer 50

dense bone surrounding membranous labyrinth with perilymph fluid between the two

Question 51

endolymph

Answer 51

middle air / inner fluid

Question 52

vestibule

Answer 52

contain membranous sacs called the saccule and utricle

Question 53

saccule and utricle

Answer 53

both have receptors for gravity and linear excelleration

Question 54

semicircular canals

Answer 54

contain recptors stimulated by rotation of the head. the fluid within is continuous with the fluid in the vestibule

Question 55

cochlea

Answer 55

spiral shaped bony chamber that holds the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth; receptors here responsible for hearing

Question 56

round window

Answer 56

free of dense bone, it is a thin membranous partition separation the paralymph of the cochlear chamber from air filled middle chamber

Question 57

oval window

Answer 57

free of dense bone, connected to base of stapes

Question 58

equilibrium

Answer 58

vestibule and semicircular canals

Question 59

semicircular ducts

Answer 59

respond to rotation of head

Question 60

hair cells

Answer 60

sensory, semicircular ducts, rotational head movements, found in cristae of ampulla and bound to a cupola

Question 61

stereocilia

Answer 61

short hairs, free surface of ea. hair cell 80-100 per cell

Question 62

cochlear duct contains

Answer 62

endolymph which lies between a pair of perilymph chambers (scala vestibuli and scala tympani