Flashcards in Chapter 13 vocab Deck (41)
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1
Organism that is harmful or destructive
with humans or our social or economic endeavors.
Pest
2
Organisms that feed on
ornamental plants or agricultural crops or animals
Agricultural pest
3
Plants that compete with agricultural
crops, forests, and forage grasses for light and
nutrients.
Weeds
4
Chemical used to kill plants
Herbicide
5
Chemical used to kill animals and insects
Pesticide
6
Use of chemicals to kill large numbers of pests
Chemical treatment
7
Seeks to give long-lasting protection
by developing control agents on the basis of
knowledge of the pest’s life cycle and of
ecological relationships.
Ecological control
8
An approach to controlling pest populations
by using both chemical and ecological methods in a
way that brings about long-term management of pest
populations and also has minimal environmental
impact.
Integrated pest management
9
included toxic heavy metals such as lead, arsenic,
cyanide, and mercury
First-generation pesticides
10
Minute insects that suck the juices from plant cells
Scale insects
11
It was effective against multitude of insect pests.
Broad spectrum
12
It did not break down readily in the environment and provided long lasting protection
Persistent
13
Pesticides that interfere with reproductive hormones
Endocrine disruptors
14
People who study birds, observed drastic declines in populations of many species of birds that fed at the tops of food chains
Ornithologists
15
Process of accumulating higher and higher doses of a pesticide up the food chain
Bioaccumulation
16
The multiplying effect of bioaccumulation in a food chain
Biomagnification
17
A phenomenon that after a pest has been virtually eliminated with a pesticide, the pest population not only recovers, but explodes to higher and more severe levels.
Resurgence
18
A phenomenon in which small populations of insects that were previously of no concern because of their low
numbers suddenly start to explode, creating new problems.
Secondary-pest outbreaks
19
the increase use of chemicals increases resistance and secondary-pest outbreaks, which lead to the use of new and larger quantities of chemicals
Pesticide treadmill
20
Break down into simple nontoxic products within a few weeks of being used.
Nonpersistent pesticides
21
Multiple factors work together to create an unexpected outcome
Synergistic effects
22
Involves working with natural factors instead of synthetic
chemicals.
Natural control/Biological control
23
A no chemical alteration of one or more environmental factors in such a way that the pest finds the environment unsuitable or is unable to gain access to its target.
Cultural control
24
Breeding plants that are resistant to insect pests
Genetic control
25
Chemicals produced in humans and other animals which provide “signals” that control developmental processes and metabolic functions
Hormones
26
If this chemical is sprayed on caterpillars, pupation
does not occur
Juvenile hormone
27
Chemicals secreted by one individual that influence the behavior of another of the same species.
Pheromones
28
A measure used to determine when the damage caused by pests is considerable and outweighs the cost of applying a pesticide.
Economic threshold
29
The use of pesticides to prevent a pest before it becomes a problem
Insurance spraying
30
The use of pesticides to control pests that make fruits or vegetables look bad and less desirable to consumers
Cosmetic spraying
31
Pays the farmer in the event of loss due to pests.
Pest-loss insurance
32
Passed by Congress to establish guidelines for the certification of organic foods
Organic Foods Protection Act of 1990
33
Requires manufacturers to register pesticides with the
EPA before marketing them and to test their toxicity levels.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947
34
Protection of public from the risks of pesticides used on food.
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
35
No detectable residue of a pesticide may be on food
if it presents any risk of cancer
The Delaney Clause
36
Passed by Congress which did away with the Delaney Clause and amended both FIFRA and FFDCA.
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
37
The limit to the amount of pesticide that can remain on food
Tolerance
38
An international treaty that promotes open exchange of information about hazardous chemicals
The Rotterdam Convention
39
Exporting countries inform all potential importing countries of actions they have taken to ban or restrict the use of pesticides or other toxic chemicals
Prior informed consent
40
Approved by the FAO in 2002 which promotes safe use of pesticides
Code of conduct
41
