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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Workbook Flashcards

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1
Q

What is any molecule that can be specifically recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system called?

A

Antigens

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2
Q

What is a group of inherited cell0surface proteins called?

A

MHC antigens

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3
Q

Which cells attack body cells infected by invading pathogens, foreign cells, and cells altered by mutation?

A

T cells

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4
Q

What is the most numerous type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

What is communication among cells referred to as?

A

Cell signalling

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6
Q

What are organisms that cause a disease called?

A

Pathogens

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7
Q

The inflammatory response brings large number of what kind of cells to destroy foreign pathogens?

A

Phagocytes

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8
Q

What inhibits the harmful bacteria that happen to land on the skin?

A

A large population of harmless bacteria

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9
Q

What happens to activated B cells?

A

They multiply, and within a few days, produce large clones of identical B cells.

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10
Q

Macrophages and certain lymphocytes release what two things that defend the body against infection?

A

Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

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11
Q

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

A

B cells

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12
Q

What is the name for CD4 cells?

A

Helper T cells

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13
Q

When infected by viruses, which interfere with viral replication, cells secrete cytokines called what?

A

Interferons

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14
Q

What ingests and destroys foreign bacteria by engulfing it?

A

Phagocytes

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15
Q

What does a phagocyte do to an engulfed foreign bacteria?

A

Package it in a vesicle, and then it is killed when lysosomes release enzymes into it.

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16
Q

What are the cells called that mast cells release that dilates blood vessels in the affected area, and also makes capillaries more permeable?

A

Histamine

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17
Q

What are the 4 clinical characteristics of inflammation during an inflammatory response?

A

Heat, redness, edema, and pain

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18
Q

What do natural killer (NK) cells release to destroy target cells?

A

Cytokines and enzymes

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19
Q

What is another name for non-specific immunity?

A

Innate immunity

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20
Q

Some differentiated cells remain in the lymph tissues for years or decades. What are these cells called?

A

Memory T cells

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21
Q

What is it called when T cells destroy the cells of a transplant?

A

Graft rejection

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22
Q

Which type of immunity is carried out by the lymphatic system and includes both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity

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23
Q

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, and interleukins are examples of what?

A

Cytokines

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24
Q

What provides very specific responses against specific foreign molecules that have entered the body?

A

Adaptive immunity

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25
Innate immunity provides general protection against what?
Pathogens
26
What is displayed on a B cell and can bind with a specific type of antigen?
B-cell receptor
27
What are a diverse group of mainly peptides and proteins that cells use to signal one another?
Cytokines
28
What system, that consists of more than 20 proteins present in plasma and other body fluids, is important in both innate and adaptive immunity?
The complement system
29
Which three types of cells function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Macrophages Dendritic cells B cells
30
Which gland makes T cells capable of making immune responses?
Thymus
31
What is another name for borrowed immunity, the effects do not last long?
Passive immunity
32
Which cells are principle combatants in adaptive immune responses?
Lymphocytes
33
What complex activates several defence mechanisms to fight pathogens?
Antigen-antibody complex
34
Which cells continue to produce small amounts of antibodies for years?
Memory B cells
35
What kind of cell displays fragments of foreign antigens as well as their own surface proteins?
Antigen-presenting cells (ACPs)
36
What is specific immunity referred to as?
Adaptive immunity
37
What are specific surface receptors developed by T cells?
T-cell receptors
38
What is the study of internal defence mechanisms?
Immunology
39
What is another name for cytotoxic T cells?
Killer T cells
40
T cells are responsible for what kind of immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity
41
Which cells recognize and destroy cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces?
Killer T cells
42
What kind of response does the body launch the first time it is exposed to a particular antigen?
Primary responses
43
Which cells are important signalling molecules that have roles in innate and adaptive immune responses?
Cytokines
44
Which cells secrete cytokines that activate B cells and enhance immune responses?
Helper T cells
45
Which cells secrete APCs that help activates B cells?
Helper T cells
46
What is the name for CD8 cells?
Killer T cells
47
Innate and adaptive immune responses both depend on the bodies ability to distinguish what?
The self from the nonself
48
Which cells destroy target cells by both innate and adaptive immune responses?
Dendritic cells
49
What is the recognition of foreign or harmful molecules or abnormal cells and action aimed at eliminating then called?
Immune response
50
What displays fragments of foreign antigens as well as their own surface proteins to T cells?
Antigen-presenting cells
51
What provides immediate general protection against pathogens?
Innate immunity
52
Which cells are large granular lymphocytes produced by bone marrow?
Natural killer (NK) cells
53
What allows for increased blood flow in an infected region, bringing great numbers of neutrophils and other phagocytic cells?
Vasodilation
54
Plasma cells do not leave where?
The lymph nodes
55
Which cells recognize and are active against a wide variety of targets, including cells infected with some types of viruses and tumour cells?
Natural killer (NK) cells
56
How are pathogens destroyed in the respiratory pathway?
Filtered out by nasal hairs or trapped by the mucous lining.
57
In antibody-mediated immunity, what are the specific antibodies called?
Immunoglobulins
58
What is the spreading of tumour cells to other parts of the body called?
Metastasis
59
What kind of immunity develops naturally after a particular infection or by immunization?
Active immunity
60
What are the two phagocytes of the immune system?
Neutrophils and macrophages
61
What are highly specific proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens called?
Antibodies
62
What is the over function of the immune system called?
An allergic reaction
63
APCs display antigens to what kind of cell?
T cells
64
Which cells suppress immune responses after pathogens have been destroyed?
Regulatory T cells
65
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, and mature into plasma cells?
B cells
66
Killer T cells target virus-infected cells, cancer cells and foreign tissue grafts by releasing what?
Cytokines and enzymes
67
75% of antibodies in the blood belong to which immunoglobin fraction?
IgG
68
Macrophages and dendritic cells both develop from which kind of white blood cells?
Monocytes
69
How are pathogens destroyed by the stomach?
Pathogens that enter with food are destroyed by stomach acid and enzymes.
70
Adaptive immunity provides very specific responses against specific what?
Foreign molecules
71
Millions of B cells are produced where daily?
Bone marrow
72
What activates dendritic cells?
Certain proteins on the cell surface of foreign cells.
73
Most of the B cell clones mature and become plasma cells that secrete what?
Antibodies
74
What rapid response is launched after the second exposure to an antigen?
Secondary response

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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