Chapter 9 - Workbook

Question 1

Chemical messengers that help regulate body activities

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

Study of the endocrine system

Answer 2

endocrinology

Question 3

Neurons that are important links between the nervous and endocrine system

Answer 3

neuroendocrine cells

Question 4

Helps regulate growth and reproduction; works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

Answer 4

endocrine system

Question 5

Specific cells on which hormones act

Answer 5

target cells

Question 6

Release secretions into ducts; sweat glands

Answer 6

exocrine glands

Question 7

Has no ducts; release hormones into surrounding interstitial fluid (tissue) or blood

Answer 7

endocrine glands

Question 8

Produced by neuroendocrine cells; transported down axons and released into interstitial fluid

Answer 8

neurohormone

Question 9

Closely related group of lipids; interact with other hormones to regulate various metabolic activities

Answer 9

prostaglandins

Question 10

_______ depends on normal concentrations or hormones in the blood and tissue

Answer 10

homeostasis

Question 11

What system regulates hormone secretion, neuroendocrine regulation, and biological rhythms

Answer 11

negative feedback system

Question 12

What gland regulates the calcium concentration in the blood

Answer 12

parathyroid glands

Question 13

What regulation involves action of both the nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 13

neuroendocrine system

Question 14

What regulates hormones such as the adrenal hormone cortisol

Answer 14

biological rhythms

Question 15

What is secreted in the circadian rhythms

Answer 15

cortisol

Question 16

When is cortisol concentration the highest

Answer 16

in the morning and decreases throughout the day

Question 17

What gland decreases its hormone output to abnormally low levels, which deprives target cells of needed stimulation

Answer 17

hyposecretion

Question 18

What gland increases its output to abnormally high levels, overstimulating target cells

Answer 18

hypersecretion

Question 19

They activate genes

Answer 19

steroid hormone

Question 20

Typically needed for activation of protein hormones

Answer 20

second messenger

Question 21

Hormone that turns a system on

Answer 21

first messenger

Question 22

Receptor protein associated with the plasma membrane

Answer 22

G Protien

Question 23

Specialized proteins; some bind with hormone molecules

Answer 23

receptors

Question 24

A common second messenger

Answer 24

cyclic AMP

Question 25

Protein that binds calcium ions, and then changes shape and can activate enzymes that regulate certain cell processes

Answer 25

calmodulin

Question 26

What gland does the hypothalamus regulate

Answer 26

pituitary

Question 27

The hypothalamus secretes what neurohormones

Answer 27

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

Question 28

The hypothalamus also secretes releasing hormones and ________, which regulate secretion of several pituitary hormones

Answer 28

inhibiting hormones

Question 29

How many distinct hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland

Answer 29

7

Question 30

What lobe of the pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

Answer 30

posterior lobe

Question 31

The posterior lobe of the pituitary secretes what hormones

Answer 31

oxytocin and anrtidiuretic hormones (ADH)

Question 32

What does ADH indirectly help with

Answer 32

blood pressure

Question 33

What does ADH do

Answer 33

regulates fluid balance in the body, by helping the body conserve water in the kidneys

Question 34

ADH deficiency can lead to a metabolic disorder, in which enormous quantities of dilute urine may be excreted causing serious dehydration.

Answer 34

diabetes insipidus

Question 35

What part of the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone, prolactin, and several tropic hormones

Answer 35

anterior lobe

Question 36

Each anterior pituitary hormone is regulated by ______ which is produced in the hyporthalamus

Answer 36

releasing hormone

Question 37

The neurohormones enter capillaries and pass through _________ that connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary lobe

Answer 37

portal veins

Question 38

Portal veins do not deliver blood to larger veins directly but instead connect two sets of ________

Answer 38

capillaries

Question 39

Releasing and inhibiting hormones pass through capillaries to _______ tissue

Answer 39

anterior lobe

Question 40

Stimulates cells of the mammary glands to secrete milk during lactation

Answer 40

prolactin

Question 41

Promotes growth of the skeleton and stimulate general tissue growth by promoting protein synthesis

Answer 41

somatomedins

Question 42

Tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland

Answer 42

thyroid-stimulating

Question 43

Condition of abnormally tall person due to excess secretion of GH during childhood

Answer 43

gigantism

Question 44

Tropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex

Answer 44

adrenocorticotropic

Question 45

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood; characterized by enlarged extremities and face

Answer 45

acromegaly

Question 46

somatomedin peptide growth factors

Answer 46

insulin-like

Question 47

Follicle stimulating and lutinizing tropic hormones that control gonad activities

Answer 47

gonadotropic

Question 48

Stimulates body growth mainly by stimulating protein synthesis; somatotropin

Answer 48

growth hormone

Question 49

Small person who's pituitary gland did not produce enough GH during childhood

Answer 49

pituitary dwarf

Question 50

The thyroid gland secretes what two thyroid hormones and _______

Answer 50

calcitonin

Question 51

What hormones and essential for normal growth and development

Answer 51

thyroid hormones

Question 52

What increase metabolic rate in most tissues

Answer 52

thyroid hormones

Question 53

What are the two other thyroid hormones called

Answer 53

(T3) - triiodothyronine | (T4) - thyroxine

Question 54

What regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends on a negative feedback system

Answer 54

pituitary and thyroid glands

Question 55

What pituitary secretes TSH, which promotes synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 55

anterior pituirtary

Question 56

When is more TSH secreted

Answer 56

when the normal concentration of thyroid hormones decreases

Question 57

Extreme hypothyroidism in childhood results in a low metabolic rate and retarded mental and physical development

Answer 57

cretinism

Question 58

What is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland called associated with hypersecretion and hyposecretion

Answer 58

goiter

Question 59

Hormone; small protein that regulates calcium level of blood and tissue fluid

Answer 59

parathyroid

Question 60

Hormone that inhibits removal of calcium from bone

Answer 60

calcitonin

Question 61

Parathyroid glands are regulated by the concentration of this

Answer 61

calcium

Question 62

Embedded in connective tissue surrounding the thyroid gland

Answer 62

parathyroid gland

Question 63

Muscle spasm condition caused by low calcium levels due to low PTH secretion

Answer 63

tetany

Question 64

The pancreas contains over 1 million of these clustered cells

Answer 64

islets

Question 65

Beta cells produce_______ they encompass about 70% of islet cells

Answer 65

insulin

Question 66

Alpha cells secrete ________

Answer 66

glucagon

Question 67

What lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood and stimulates cells of many tissues. It takes up glucose from the blood

Answer 67

insulin

Question 68

What increases the blood glucose level, by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose

Answer 68

glucagon

Question 69

Insulin and Glucagon work ANTAGONISTICALLY through _________system, to keep blood glucose within normal limits

Answer 69

negative feedback system

Question 70

_________is the main disorder associated with pancreatic hormones

Answer 70

diabetes mellitus

Question 71

Insulin dependent diabetes, which cells of the immune system kill its own beta cells

Answer 71

Type 1

Question 72

Non-insulin dependent/insulin resistance

Answer 72

Type 2

Question 73

Glucose is excreted by what

Answer 73

urine

Question 74

Main glucocorticoid; also called hydrocortisone

Answer 74

cortisol

Question 75

Secretes three different types of steroid hormones

Answer 75

adrenal cortex

Question 76

Paired glands; small yellow masses of tissue located above the kidneys

Answer 76

adrenal glands

Question 77

adrenal cortex secretes these in both sexes

Answer 77

sex hormones

Question 78

Emergency gland of the body; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 78

Adrenal Medulla

Question 79

Help body cope with stress; promote glucose production; reduce inflammation

Answer 79

glucocorticoids

Question 80

Principal mineralocorticoid; maintains homeostasis of sodium and potassium ions

Answer 80

aldosterone

Question 81

Help regulate water and salt balance

Answer 81

mineralocorticoids

Question 82

Female sex hormones

Answer 82

estrogen

Question 83

Male sex hormones

Answer 83

androgen

Question 84

Stress stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete

Answer 84

corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Question 85

ACTH regulates what two secretions

Answer 85

glucocorticoids and aldosterone

Question 86

When blood glucose concentration rises above 50% above normal causes ________

Answer 86

adrenal diabetes

Question 87

What disease develops with abnormally large amounts of glucocorticoids are present

Answer 87

cushings disease

Question 88

What threaten homeostasis

Answer 88

stressors