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Psych 121 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is conception

A

when an egg from the mother is fertilized by sperm form the father

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2
Q

what is ovulation

A

when an egg matures and is released into the fallopian tube

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3
Q

what is a teratogen

A

a substance that can harm the fetus including general environmental factors and substances the mother may use

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4
Q

when are teratogens the most harmful

A

when they occur in larger amounts, for longer periods of time, and during more sensitive stages ( early pregnancy, often before they even know they are pregnant)

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5
Q

what are the 7 newborn reflexes

A

rooting reflex, blink reflex, withdrawal reflex, tonic neck reflex, grasp reflex, Moro reflex, and stepping reflex

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6
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

Baby will turn its head towards being touched on the cheek, opens their mouths and tries to suck
Ensures the infants feeding will be a reflexive habit

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7
Q

what is the blink reflex

A

A baby will close their eyes if a bright light is flashed
Protects their eyes from strong and potentially dangerous stimuli

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8
Q

what is the withdrawal reflex

A

A baby will flex their leg when the sole of their foot is picked
Keeps the exploring infant away from painful stimuli

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9
Q

what is the tonic neck reflex

A

When the baby is laid down on it’s back they will turn their head to one side and extend the arm on the same side
Helps develop hand-eye coordination

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10
Q

what is the grasp reflex

A

When an object is put into the babies palm they will grab it
Helps exploratory learning

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11
Q

what is the moro relfex

A

When a loud noise or sudden drop happens while holding the baby it will extend its arm and legs and then quickly bring them in as if trying to grasp something

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12
Q

what is the stepping reflex

A

When the baby is suspended with bare feet just above the surface the baby will make stepping motions as if trying to walk

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13
Q

what foods do newborns prefer until they turn around 4 months old

A

they prefer sweet foods but slowly become open to different tastes (salty, sour, etc.)

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14
Q

how can we tell what babies know

A

sucking behavior and the habituation technique

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15
Q

what does sucking behavior tell us and how

A

babies suck harder when shown things they prefer

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16
Q

what is the habituation technique

A

refers to the decreased responsiveness towards stimuli after it has been presented multiple times, most interested the first few times and then lose interest the more they are exposed to it

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17
Q

what are schemas

A

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory that help us recognize and respond to information

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18
Q

what is assimilation

A

using already developed schemas to understand new information, labelling something new with an already existing schema (big dog is a type of dog)

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19
Q

what is accomodation

A

learning new information and changing/adjusting the schema (can be like making a subset)

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20
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, formal operational

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21
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage and when does it occur

A

the stage where the child learns things through the senses, learning object permanence
occurs from birth-2y/o

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22
Q

what is the preoperational stage and when does it occur

A

stage when they start to gain the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery, learn theory of mind, and are often more egocentric (unable to see other views)
occurs at 2-7y/o

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23
Q

what is the theory of mind

A

the ability to take another persons viewpoint

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24
Q

what is the concrete operational stage and when it occurs

A

begin to think logically, perform operations that are only imagined, learn conservation
occurs at 7-11y/o

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25
what is conservation
ability to know the amount of things remain the same despite a change in appearance
26
what is the formal operational stage and when does it occur
they can think systematically, reason about abstract concepts, and understand ethics and scientific reasoning occurs 11-adulthood
27
fault with Piaget's stages
he probably understated the contribution of environmental factors to social development
28
what is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
argues that cognitive development is not isolated entirely within the child but occurs at least in part to social interactions
29
what is meant when people say community learning
children act as both teachers and learners
30
what are social skills
ability to understand, predict, and create bonds with other people in their environment
31
what are social comparisons and how do they help
after a child enter school they learn what they are good at compared to others help develop competence and autonomy (recognizing own abilities)
32
why is attachment important
normal infant development requires successful attachment with a caretaker
33
what are the 4 attachment styles
secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized
34
what are signs of a secure attachment style
the child explores freely while the mother is present and engages with strangers child may be upset when mother leaves but happy when she returns
35
what are signs of an ambivalent attachment style
child is wary about the situation and stays close to the mother around strangers is distressed when mother leaves and ambivalent (mixed feelings) when she returns
36
what are signs of an avoidant attachment style
will avoid the mother showing little emotion when she departs or returns an will not explore much may run away when approached by mother
37
what are signs of a disorganized attachment style
child has no consistent way of coping with the stress of a strange situation, may cry when mother leaves but avoid mother when she returns, or try to approach but freeze and fall on the floor
38
how are different styles formed
socialization, how available each parent is to them
39
will attachment styles stay the same
to a specific person the attachment style is generally the same, but the style varies from person to person
40
what are longitudinal research designs
where the participants are followed and contacted over an extended period of time over multiple development stages
41
when is adolescence occuring
the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood
42
when does puberty tend to begin for each gender
females: 9-14 males: 10-17
43
what hormones are produced for each gender
male: testosterone females: estrogen and progesterone produced by stimulation provided by pituitary gland
44
what are primary sex characteristics
the sex organs concerned with reproduction
45
what are secondary sex characteristics
features that distinguish the two sexes but not directly involved in reproduction
46
what psychological changes occur in male puberty
maturing early gives social advantages often a greater risk for delinquency and more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors
47
what psychological changes happen in female puberty
maturing early is stressful more likely to have emotional problems, lower self-image, higher rates of depression ,anxiety and disordered eating
48
why do adolescents tend to act impulsively
the prefrontal cortex responsible for reasoning, planning, and problem solving is developing slower than the emotional parts of their brain
49
what is an imaginary audience
something that occurs during teenage years where they feel everybody is watching them (like egocentrism of childhood)
50
when does early adulthood start
25-45 y/o
51
when does middle adulthood start and what starts to happen
45-65 y/o start to suffer from ailments like high cholesterol and blood pressure mixed with low bone density
52
when does menopause occur
around 50 y/o because of the gradual decrease in the production of sex hormones
53
why do people think menopause has evolutionary benefits
younger mothers have more energy to take care of a child so infants have better chance of survival
54
do men ever fully lose their fertility
not entirely, but sperm quality does decrease
55
what is the social clock
the culturally preferred right time for major life events, if people don't comply with this they are often seen as unusual or deviant
56
pros of marriage
often a greater life satisfaction and also suffer fewer health problems however divorce is more common
57
when is marriage more successful
when you marry as older adults and with more education
58
what are the 4 parenting styles
authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and rejecting-neglecting
59
what are authoritarian parents
demanding but not responsive, impose rules and expect obedience giving punishments and rewards
60
what are permissive parents
few demands and give little punishment, more responsive and often allow child to make their own rules
61
what are authoritative paretns
both demanding and responsive to the needs and opinions of the child, set rules but explain them and open to wiggle, often results in natural consequences
62
what are natural consequences
outcomes that come directly form the child's actions not imposed by the parents (if you don't brush your teeth you get a cavity)
63
what are rejecting-neglecting parents
undemanding and unresponsive as well
64
when does late adulthood begin
around 60
65
why are older adults typically happier
memories become more positive with age and they tend to speak more positively about events/relationships
66
why do some age better than others
better ability to adjust to life changes and a more positive perception about aging
67
why do people in late adulthood experience memory deficits
process information slower and difficulty controlling attention does not mean less intelligence (more crystalized intelligence over fluid intelligence)
68
consequences of social changes in late adulthood retirement
leaving career can cause anxiety, depression, and other negative changes to someone's identity
69
things that can help retiring effectively/more positively
continue working part-time for a bit, plan for retirement, retire with someone, have a happy marriage, take care of physical and financial health, retire early is a stressful job, retire on time
70
five stages of grief/dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
71
why do the stages of grief vary
depends on attitudes towards death and dying vary across cultures and religions
72
what is sex
ones biological category of male or female
73
what is gender
the cultural, social, and psychological meaning associated with masculinity and femininity
74
what are gender roles
behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture
75
what is gender constancy
in ages 3-6 children learn that gender is constant and doesn't change with external attributes, they develop strong and rigid gender stereotypes and these stay that way until about 8/9
76
what are gender stereotypes
beliefs and expectations people think about the characteristics, preferences, and behaviors of men and women
77
what is gender identity
a persons psychological sense of being male or female
78
what is sexual orientation
the direction of a persons emotional and erotic attraction towards members of the opposite sex, same sex, or both
79
what does the social learning theory argue about gender
that gender roles are learned through reinforcement, punishment, and modelling (not as supported a belief)

Psych 121 (11 decks)

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