Chapter 14

Question 1

_______ cells are the first multipotent cells produced in the embryo

Answer 1

neuroepithelia

Question 2

The _______ surface faces the outer surface of the neural tube. Each neuron terminates with a swelling called the _______

Answer 2

Basal (pial surface)
endfoot (axon terminal)

Question 3

The _______ surface faces the internal spae of the neural tube and contacts the cerebrospinal fluid once it is filled

Answer 3

apical
- contains the soma

Question 4

What are the two different cells that differentiated neuroepithelial cells turn into?

Answer 4

1) ventricular (ependymal) cells
2) radial glial cells

Question 5

_______ cells line the neural tube and secrete cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 5

ventricular (ependymal cells)

Question 6

_______ cells maintain polarization of Basal/Apical axis of CNS
- serve as major neural stem cells and aid migration of progenitor cells and newborn neurons

Answer 6

radial glial cells

Question 7

_______ of the neuron receive signals from other neurons

Answer 7

dendrites
- cortical neurons average 10k synapses

Question 8

Signals are combined and relayed in the _______ of the neurons

Answer 8

soma (cell body)

Question 9

Typically, a single _______ transmits signals away from the neuron

Answer 9

axon
- can be several ft in length

Question 10

Axons are specialized for secreting specific neurotransmitters across the small gap between them and other neurons. What is the small gap called?

Answer 10

synaptic cleft

Question 11

What are the neurotransmitters, and include whether they are Excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 11

1) acetylcholine (E)
2) Glutamate (E)
3) GABA (I)
4) Glycine (I)
5) Epinephrine (E)
6) Norepinephrine (E)
7) Dopamine (Both)
8) Serotonin/5-HT (Mostly I)
9) Histamine (E)
10) ATP (E)
11) neuropeptides (Both)

Question 12

What are the 3 categories of glia cells?

Answer 12

1) oligodendrocytes
2) astroglia
3) microglia

Question 13

What are the three functions of astroglia cells?

Answer 13

1) establish BBB
2) Inflammation in CNS
3) support homeostasis and neurotransmission

Question 14

Mutations in _______ (intermediate filament protein) can lead to Alexander disease. A neurodegenerative disease.

Answer 14

Glial Fibrillary acidic protein

Question 15

_______: considered the immune cells of the CNS as they function to engulf dying and dysfunctional neurons and glia

Answer 15

microglia

Question 16

microglia are generated by _______ progenitor cells derived from the yolk sac

Answer 16

microphage

Question 17

Progenitors of microphages (which are microglia) cells take residence in the CNS prior to the establishment of the _______

Answer 17

Blood-Brain Barrier

Question 18

_______: where axons are insulated to prevent dispersal of the electrical signal conducted along their length

Answer 18

myelination

Question 19

insulation is accomplished by glial cells and is called myelination. It is done by _______ in the CNS and _______ in the PNS

Answer 19

oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

Question 20

The extent of myelination is controlled by the axon itself through the production of _______

Answer 20

neuregulin-1

Question 21

Myelination is essential for proper neuronal function. _______ is associated with loss of motor control and some diseases

Answer 21

demyelination
ex) multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre’ syndrome, dementia, Alzheimer’s

Question 22

Neurons in the CNS are arranged into layers (_______) and clusters (_______)

Answer 22

laminae
nuclei

Question 23

initially the _______ is composed of a single layer of cells that span the full width of the neural tube from the inside (luminal) to outside

Answer 23

germinal neuroepithelium

Question 24

What are the 3 major regions of developing CNS?

Answer 24

1) ventricular zone
2) intermediate zone (mantle)
3) marginal zone

Question 25

_______ cells within the **ventricular layer** divide producing cells that migrate outward

Answer 25

germinal neuroepithelium

Question 26

The mantle or intermediate zone is referred to as the _______

Answer 26

grey matter

Question 27

Neurons send out _______ away from the lumen creating the _______ marginal zone

Answer 27

axon axonal

Question 28

The axonal marginal zone is composed of mainly myelinated axons so it is called the _______

Answer 28

white matter

Question 29

spinal cord architecture: _______ layer: original germinal neuroepithelia layer

Answer 29

ventricular

Question 30

spinal cord architecture: ________ layer: rich in cell bodies. Contains both neurons and glia

Answer 30

mantle (intermediate)

Question 31

spinal cord architecture: _______ layer: cell-poor layer composed mostly of myelinated axons

Answer 31

marginal

Question 32

The spinal cord forms a characteristic butterfly structure with a longitudinal groove called the _______

Answer 32

sulcus limitans

Question 33

The cerebellum creates a highly folded outer region composed mostly of _______ neurons

Answer 33

Purkinje - only output neuron of cerebellum

Question 34

cerebral cortex architecture: _______: new outer layer of grey matter will become the _______ and is a distinguished feature of mammalian brains

Answer 34

cortical plate neocortex

Question 35

Cells with early birthdays migrate the shortest distances, while those born later form the more superficial layers of the CNS. _______ direction of construction

Answer 35

apical to basal inside to outside

Question 36

_______ is the process of radial glial cells guiding neuronal progenitor cells migration from the luminal region (inner) to the outer zones

Answer 36

glial guidance

Question 37

_______ is the paracrine factor that regulates glial guidance

Answer 37

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Question 38

Every dividing cell contains _______ within the centrosome

Answer 38

2 centrioles

Question 39

During neurogenesis, the cell receiving the _______ centriole will stay in the ventricular zone and remain as a stem cell, while the cell receiving the _______ centriole will leave and differentiate

Answer 39

older younger

Question 40

Human-specific RNA genes: - total of about _____ difference between human and chimpanzee genomes - most differences reside in _______ regions

Answer 40

4% non-protein-coding regulatory

Question 41

Humans have high _______ activity compared to chimpanzees

Answer 41

transcription - average of 5x greater, with some genes having 10-28x greater

Question 42

Human-specific speech/language alleles: - _______ is conserved in mammals and other species, but the human allele is unique and appears to regulate hundreds of other genes

Answer 42

FOXP2

Question 43

The human brain continues growths for at least _______ years after birth - this is also known as _______

Answer 43

2 extrauterine development

Question 44

There is diversity in the number and complexity of cortical convolutions of the cerebral cortex among mammalian species: _______: the highly folded cerebral Cortex of humans and elephants _______: cerebral cortex of mice completely lacks folding

Answer 44

gyrencephalic lissencephalic

Question 45

In humans, there is continued brain remodeling during _______

Answer 45

adolescence - brain development continues through puberty - after, pruning begins with a wave of myelin production