Chapter 18 pt2

Question 1

Within a species, everyone’s circulatory system is slightly _______, with many common features but the smaller blood vessels get, the more _______ their position

Answer 1

different
random

Question 2

Rapid flow in large tubes (needed for _______) vs. Slow flow in small tubes (needed for _______)

Answer 2

transport
exchange

Question 3

_______ Law: As the tube radius gets smaller, the resistance increases as r-4!

Answer 3

Poiseuille’s

Question 4

Human Aortic arches:
_____ arotic arches origniall formed but about 1/2 degenerate

Answer 4

6
-1,2,5

Question 5

Human Aortic arches:
the third pair becomes the _______

Answer 5

internal carotid arch

Question 6

Human Aortic arches:
- The right side of the 4th becomes _______
- The left side of the 4th becomes _______

Answer 6

subclavian
major arch of the aorta

Question 7

Human Aortic arches:
the 6th forms _______ and _______

Answer 7

pulmonary artery
ductus arteriosus

Question 8

_______: the development of blood vessels where they are formed de-novo from lateral plate mesoderm cells

Answer 8

vasculogenesis

Question 9

_______: The primary network formed by vasculogenesis is remodeled and
pruned into a distinct capillary bed, arteries, and veins

Answer 9

angiogenesis

Question 10

_______ leave the primitive streak and become the precursors for blood cells and vessels. Involves induction by the _____ gene

Answer 10

hemangioplasts
CDX4

Question 11

Hemangioplasts condense in the splanchnic mesoderm to form _______

Answer 11

blood islands

Question 12

Inner cells of the blood islands become _______ progenitor cells and out cells of the blood island become _______ that will form blood vessels

Answer 12

blood
angioplasts

Question 13

Ultimately, blood islands form tubes and form the _______

Answer 13

primary capillary plexus

Question 14

_______ vasculogenesis: in the blood islands of the yolk sac

Answer 14

extra-embryonic

Question 15

_______ vasculogenesis: forms dorsal aorta, and connects to capillary networks forming from mesodermal cells within each organ

Answer 15

intra-embryonic

Question 16

Specialized glucose transporters _______ and _______ are expressed within the blood brain barrier, allowing the brain to ocnsume 25% of metabolic glucose

Answer 16

Glut-1
Glut-3

Question 17

Forming of vascular tubes:
1) endothelial cells fuse their _______
2) vessels can form via intracellular _______ within the cells

Answer 17

vacuoles
endocytosis

Question 18

_______: required for the generation of hemangioplasts from splanchnic mesoderm

Answer 18

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

Question 19

_______: enables the differentiation of angioblasts to form endothelial tubes

Answer 19

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 20

_______: mediate the interaction between the endothelial cells and Pericytes that will form smooth muscle around vessels

Answer 20

angiopoietins

Question 21

_______ have extensive smooth musculature, and elastic ECM

Answer 21

arteries

Question 22

_______ have less smooth muscle, one-way valves to direct blood flow

Answer 22

veins

Question 23

_______ receptor and their ligands in arteries and _______ receptor and their ligands in veins ensure that proper fusion of tehse vessle into capillary networks

Answer 23

Ephrin B2
Ephrin B4
- ensures arterial capillaries to only venous ones
- prevents the fusion of capillaries in non-border areas

Question 24

_______ induces the expression of the _______ TF that activates VEGF expression

Answer 24

hypoxia
HIF-1α

Question 25

_______ secrete angiogenic factors that support vessel formation (_______) Conversely, sometimes blood vessels form first and produce _______ that facilitates neuronal growth next to the blood vessel

Answer 25

neurons VEGF GDNF

Question 26

Cornea of the eye in most mammals is _______ because it secretes a **soluble**, non-membrane-associated, form of the **VEGF receptor** that collects VEGF before it can induce _______

Answer 26

avascular angiogenesis

Question 27

_______: a condition in pregnant women characterized by: 1) Hypertension and poor renal filtration, fetal distress 2) premature infants and maternal and fetal death 3) Believed to be related to an overproduction of soluble VEGF receptor causing a dramatic reduction of normal angiogenesis

Answer 27

preeclampsia

Question 28

Abnormal vascularization is commonly seen in solid _______ formation

Answer 28

tumor

Question 29

_______ vasculature forms a second circulatory system mediated by the _______ TF

Answer 29

lymphatic Prox1